Future of Management

Future of Management Future of Management Page 1Future of ManagementMGT 3303 November 2003Future of Management Page 2AbstractAs the business world continues to adapt and change future managers will need a new approach separate from the traditional role of management. Management and leaders alike will have challenges to contrast bigger, better, and faster concepts.Future of Management Page 3Future of ManagementManagement is someone who plans, organizes, leads and controls the people and the work of the organization in such a way the organization achieves its goals. All to often the terms leadership and management are used interchangeably . However, these words actually describe two different concepts. Leadership is just one of the many assets a successful manager must possess. Leadership is just one important component of the leading function. A leader is someone who people naturally follow through their own choice, whereas a manager must be obeyed.English: Harvard Business SchoolLeaders have drive and a high desire for achievement. They also realize that in order to fulfill their vision, they need to set a series of goals that will help them to do so.Effective leaders are goal orientated and want to lead. They like being in control and prefer a leadership role rather than a subordinate role. Although many manager set goals and follow through with them the difference is that leaders are instrumental in influencing vision and setting goals. The difference in a manager and a leader is the leader does what ever it takes to accomplish his goals that take self-control and discipline.An example is Bill Gates even though he was accepted...

Equation for Reaction Between Baking Soda and Vinegar

Equation for Reaction Between Baking Soda and Vinegar The reaction between baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and vinegar (dilute acetic acid) generates carbon dioxide gas, which is used in chemical volcanoes and other projects. Here is a look at the reaction between baking soda and vinegar and the equation for the reaction. How the Reaction Works The reaction between baking soda and vinegar actually occurs in two steps, but the overall process can be summarized by the following word equation: baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) plus vinegar (acetic acid) yields carbon dioxide plus water plus sodium ion plus acetate ion The chemical equation for the overall reaction is: NaHCO3(s) CH3COOH(l) → CO2(g) H2O(l) Na(aq) CH3COO-(aq) with s solid, l liquid, g gas, aq aqueous or in water solution Another common way to write this reaction is: NaHCO3 HC2H3O2 → NaC2H3O2 H2O CO2 The above reaction, while technically correct, does not account for the dissociation of the sodium acetate in water. The chemical reaction actually occurs in two steps. First, there is a double displacement reaction in which acetic acid in the vinegar reacts with sodium bicarbonate to form sodium acetate and carbonic acid: NaHCO3 HC2H3O2 → NaC2H3O2 H2CO3 Carbonic acid is unstable and undergoes a decomposition reaction to produce the carbon dioxide gas: H2CO3 → H2O CO2 The carbon dioxide escapes the solution as bubbles. The bubbles are heavier than air, so the carbon dioxide collects at the surface of the container or overflows it. In a baking soda volcano, detergent usually is added to collect the gas and form bubbles that flow somewhat like lava down the side of the volcano. A dilute sodium acetate solution remains after the reaction. If the water is boiled off of this solution, a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate forms. This hot ice will spontaneously crystallize, releasing heat and forming a solid that resembles water ice. The carbon dioxide released by the baking soda and vinegar reaction has other uses besides making a chemical volcano. It can be collected and used as a simple chemical fire extinguisher. Because carbon dioxide is heavier than air, it displaces it. This starves a fire of the oxygen needed for combustion.

REPEATED MEASURES Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

REPEATED MEASURES - Assignment Example The reason for the increased power of the repeated-measures design is the elimination of between-subjects variability and thus the reduction of our error term. In our repeated-measures design, we would employ one group of subjects (randomly selected from the male population) who would each rate pictures of men with moustaches and men without moustaches on a scale ranging from very mean to very nice. A seven-point Likert scale may be appropriate for this task, but there are several scaling options. Stimuli would be presented in blocks and randomized to eliminate ordering effects. The data would be analyzed using a repeated-measures (dependent samples) t-test. This statistic will provide a number that can be compared to standardized critical values in order to determine if there is a significant difference between the ratings of mustachioed men and the ratings of men without moustaches. This analysis will be performed with an alpha of .05, giving the test 95% power (probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis). No post-hoc comparisons will be required for this

Public health Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Public health - Annotated Bibliography Example 438). The postoperative complications and prolonged hospitalization of the patients were analyzed in the light of these nutritional tools. The study identified that both MUST and SNAQ were equally competent in detecting malnourished patients. Malnutrition identified by both MUST and SNAQ were linked with postoperative complications, postoperative acute heart failure, prolonged ICU stay as well as prolonged hospitalization (p. 439). The study also showed that MUST is independently capable of detecting malnutrition among participants. The article is of importance as it emphasizes the need to conduct preoperative nutritional therapy among cardiac patients to identify adverse clinical characteristics. Johnson, T., Macdonald, S., Hill, S.M., Thomas, A & Murphy, M.S. 2006. Treatment of active Crohns disease in children using partial enteral nutrition with liquid formula: a randomised controlled trial. Gut. 55(3), 356–361. The article shows the effects of both Total enteral nutrition (TEN) and partial enteral nutrition (PEN) among children with active Crohns disease. The sample consisted of 50 children (26 with 50% of PEN and 24 with 100% of TEN) with a paediatric Crohns disease activity index (PCDAI) >20. During the six weeks of study the PEN group was allowed to supplement their energy requirement with an unrestricted normal diet whereas the TEN category was provided only nutrition in liquids. The results showed that both TEN and PEN contributed to significant reduction in the PCDAI. However, the research revealed that TEN was more suitable for the treatment of active Crohns disease as it could suppress inflammation, increase haemoglobin and albumin, and reduce diarrhoea whereas PEN failed to suppress inflammation and prevent disease relapse (p. 360). The study shows that nutritional supplementation is comparatively less effective a treatment in the case of children with active Crohns disease. The article makes a comparative

View from the Bridge Essay Example for Free

View from the Bridge Essay A view from the bridge: a kind of metaphorical title the obvious bridge is the Brooklyn Bridge in New York. Italian immigrants had been coming to New York for a long time and they tended to gather in communities as America is a very multi racial cosmopolitan area. Catherines aspirations are to cross the bridge to go out, to work, and to go out with her lover Rodolfo. 1) Home: poor and simple but they open it to show their generosity- opportunity to show their loyalty to the Sicilian family. But Eddie says it is his home so he is entitled to his respect provider, it represents food, clothing, the upbringing not just the physical home. Catherines view gratitude for home and she wants to get a job to then pay for furniture for the home e. g. rug. Simple home and cosy, small Beatrices world but is still shared by all people. It represents the hard work and poverty yet the generosity of the people. Workers flat, clean, the flat is Eddies space and his home he wants his respect. Generosity show by: B! Your cousins and yet she is not annoyed for having to look after people and have extra mouths to feed, simply embarrassed as the host: didnt even buy a new tablecloth. Catherine wants to repay Eddie and B for bringing her up. When she gets a job and has enough money she wants a rug and new plates etc she is proud of the home but wants to contribute now she has come of age excitement. Pg 11. The idea is that these people are poor it is a struggle to keep going and they offer shelter to Sicilian relatives and immigrants to get work and send money back to their family. Their willingness to share and Eddies duty to look after family means hard physical work. The home and the family itself have their tensions, jealousies and loyalties. Beatrice does not work her place is in the home. Eddie where, where am I going? This is my house page 61. Massive change before and after Marco and Rodolfo arrive- before; love, poverty but warmth and humour, cosy, struggle Eddie = provider the family with laughter and nurture, welcome and generosity in food, shelter and roof in spite of lack of wealth, loyalty- Catherine looked after and brought up here. After, in Act 2, the home changes to mean respect and his name I want my name back! Hatred, Bad relationships, coldness, tears, fighting the generosity now needs to be owed back this is how you repay me? now deserving something in return. 2) Street: Alfieri tells him that there is no law nothing that Eddie can do to stop Rodolfo and Catherine he must let her go. The only way is to betray them and give them up to the authority as illegal immigrants but the Italian community will take revenge like they did with the young boy whose head bounced like coconuts. Loyalty lies with family and to Sicilian immigrants. Eddie has to rid of Rodolfo to betray the family. Bowling, Louis. Brooklyn paramount where Catherine and Rodolfo see the film. 3) Place of work: Red Hook docks, waterfront, long shore men, piers, plumbers yard. Red Hook docks signify mans world sea breeze links to Sicily and Italy, the comradeship of the men e. g. you coming bowling tonight Eddie? they are good friends, hard physical work and mafia links illegal immigrants come on the ship called submarines they are brought in, own dockers slang, word is associated with the docks and the sea. The labour you feed and keep your family. Miller creates an impression of the docks as a place of manliness but gives an air of underlying Italian immigrants. We learn that they are called submarines. Smells of coffee and bananas and spiders when unloading rough district where Catherine wants to work Eddie is very protective as it is not a place for women. Plumbers yard around where Catherine wants to work, plenty can happen in a block away. Red Hook build huge ships, all about the docks and hard work grafting. Eddie gets embarrassed of Rodolfo he is not manly enough he sings on the docks! For immigrants the work is easy to get, until the mafia are paid off, then they have to scramble like everyone else. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Fixing A Computer :: essays research papers

Fixing A Computer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fixing computers is easy. The paragraphs to follow contain information on labeling parts, problems, and repairing vs. fixing. In these paragraphs will also compare a computer to the human circulatory system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The internal parts of computers are very easy to recognize, once they are labeled. We will start by opening the case into the computer. Before opening the case don’t forget to have the computer turned off and unplugged, we don’t want to fry the computer parts. Once inside, we have a look around, and see a lot of parts that are unrecognizable to us. We will start from a top to bottom process of labeling parts. First look towards the bottom the big green board that everything else lies on is called the motherboard. A motherboard acts like the arteries of a human taking the blood all over allowing the blood places to travel, except the motherboard does this with electrical signals. The motherboard has three cards on it; they are the graphics card, sound card, and modem. They act like the voice, the eyes and the mouth of a human. You can tell the difference between them by how they connect in the back of the computer. The graphics card has a prong plug i n, the sound card has a place where speaker plugs can go and modems have a place where you can put your phone line. Next to the left of the cards we see there is a little chip with a fan on top, this is the processor. The processor acts like the heart of a human sending blood all over the body, but instead of blood the processor sends electrical signals. Straight above the processor in the little slot is the hard drive. The hard drive acts kind of like the brain of the whole computer, by storing information on it and sending and receiving electrical signals. Finally we have the cd-rom. This is located above the hard drive. The cd-rom is the mouth of the human. But the cd-rom takes in data instead of food. Next on the motherboard is three little chips, sitting next to the processor, these are called Random Access Memory, or RAM. The ram acts like the quick storage in the brain it remembers the stuff that you are working on right then. There now that we know the computers insides, I will give examples of problems and explain how to fix them.

Purchasing and Supply Chain Management

Purchasing and Supply Chain Management Assessment 1 Nessa’s Bar Report Course Code: BS1D75 Student Number: 08154619, 09046100, 09030883, 09046577, 09047735 Contents Page †¢1. 1. 1 Problem – Poor Organisation on Purchasing and Supply†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¢1. 1. 2 Solution – Poor Organisation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¢1. 2. 1 Problem – Purchasing Policy Procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¢1. 2. 1 Solutions – Purchasing Policy Procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¢1. 3. 1 Problem – Poor Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¢1. 3. 2Solution – Poor Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦.. †¢1. 4. 1 Problem – Costs/ Expenses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¢1. 4. 2 Solution – Costs/ Expenses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2. 0 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¢3. 0 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¢4. 0 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¢5. 0 Bibliograpgy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 1. 1 Problem – Poor Organisation on Purchasing and Supply The business suffers from poor organisation in the purchase of supplies. The purchasing of goods and services for the business use is known as Procurement. There are three managers who all participate in the purchase of items; each person purchases items they think necessary often leading to double orders or items not being bought at all. There are several suppliers used some of which deliver while others operate a cash and carry policy, causing partners to use their own transport. Although several suppliers are utilised, the lack of regular custom by the company causes lack of interest by the suppliers and so the company misses out on priority service and possibly loyalty bonuses sometimes offered by these outlets designed to encourage repeat custom. Webster and wind (1972) Are concerned with sellers being aware of what buyers may be doing but also it should be important that buyers are aware of what seller are likely to do. A significant amount of stock is wasted due to the haphazard means of stock control. The company likes to have a well filled freezer to protect against low stock levels or unavailability of items, which in turn ties up capital unnecessarily. 1. 1. 1Solution – Poor Organisation A solution to this problem could be the hiring of a trained buyer who would control purchases made by the company. The advantage of this would be a single buyer would not order double quantities and excessive or unnecessary stock would not be purchased. As a result stock control would be easier to manage. Organised purchasing would help to keep stock levels steady and unnecessary goods would not be stock piled, thereby releasing capital allowing money to be used efficiently and cost effectively. Hiring an expert may seem expensive but could save significant amounts of money and time. Possibly one of the managers could take part in a purchase training programme to gain the skills as they already have inside understanding of the company and how it is run. This would prove cost efficient and save money on outsourcing. To solve the problem, the organisation could hire trained buyers to take over the three manager’s buying work. The advantages of hiring experts on buying stock for the organisation are that when there is only one person managing the buying, stock would be clearer and overlapping or lack of stock would be avoided. This could release the capital as stock would be more organised and money would be used more efficiently. However, hiring experts might be expensive and would be costly efficient for the organisation. In this case one of the managers could go on purchasing training program to gain skills in terms of buying, meaning the company will have a buying expert, who also knows the business well, and the company will not be wasting capital on hiring an external expert. 1. 2. 1Problem – Purchasing Policy Procedures The company experiences problems with paper work not matching the goods purchased. This has resulted in some suppliers banning the buyers from their establishment and refusing credit facilities as payment may have been overlooked or invoices mislaid and no payment being processed. The reputation of the company has been spoiled as non payment of invoices has caused it to be branded untrustworthy, subsequently it is not given priority as a respected business would be. Some suppliers expect cash on receipt of goods and this can cause a cash flow problem. Negative word of mouth may be passed around trade fairs or board meetings, which will have a negative impact on suppliers considering entering in to business with `Nessa’s Bar’. 1. 2. 2Solutions – Purchasing Policy Procedures A solution to this problem could be a change in the purchasing procedure of the company. In a mechanistic structure, authority is centralised at the summit of the managerial hierarchy and vertical authority is use to control human and material resources. Mechanistic structures operate most effectively in stable environments. † (Lysons, P158) A management structure needs to be established in which everyone understands their role within the company. Also a system for dealing with paperwork needs to be organised so that a good relationship can be developed between the company and its suppliers. 1. 3. 1Problem – Poor Management The company wastes a great deal of time on low value goods. Security is very expensive but necessary. The bar employs its own cleaning staff and purchase cleaning materials as needed but these disappear from the stockroom as there is no inventory method in place to control the use of these items. All members of staff have access to the stockroom and as there is no organisation there is no stock checking system. This ultimately leads to confusion with the buying of items as the company is unaware of the exact inventory of goods available for use and what needs to be purchased. . 3. 2Solution – Poor Management To solve the problem, the organisation could introduce VMI (Vendor Managed Inventory) â€Å"VMI is a collaborative strategy between a customer and supplier to optimize the availability of products at a minimal cost to the two companies. † (Baily, P 181) Suppliers take responsibility for managing the stock which is constantly monitored and updated. (Baily, P181) Time could then be utilised on other jobs rather than being spent on low value goods. This could be a problem as the supplier then controls the stock rather than the company, but any shortfalls would again become the responsibility of the company. â€Å"Acronyms for VMI include: CRP (continuous replenishment programs), SAIM (supplier-assisted inventory management), SAIR (supplier-assisted inventory replenishment), ECR (efficient consumer response). † (Lysons, P357) The organisation could outsource cleaning and security to professional companies as they would be more skilled and knowledgeable than the staff in the organisation. Outsourcing as: The strategic use of outside resources to perform activities traditionally handled by internal staff and resources. † (Baily, P115) It can be considered that outsourcing both cleaning and security could be expensive and there is no guarantee as to the standards of the work carried out, but the training of staff to carry out these services could cost even more. By outsourcing the less important work more time would be come available to be spent on core business operations. However there are disadvantages to outsourcing as Lacity and Hirscheim point out that; â€Å"†¦the employee culture is too fragmented or hostile for the organisation to come back together† (Lysons, P402). The employees from the outsourcing company might have a strong employee culture or different work ethics and find it difficult to fit into the working environment of Nessa’s Bar. 1. 4. 1 Problem – Costs/ Expenses The majority of expense faced by the company are; rent, staff wages, beverages, food and other consumables. The bar spends approximately ? 00k per annum on beverages with a further ? 60k being spent on foods and other consumables. 1. 4. 2 Solution – Costs/ Expenses A possible solution to these problems would be the reduction of staff employed at the business. Should cleaning and security be outsourced then the staff currently employed to carry out these tasks are no longer required and could be laid off. Well managed stock would save the com pany money as would developing a better relationship with suppliers who might offer discounts on goods and better delivery services. †¦requiring production when, and not before, a customer requires something, and the pursuit and elimination of waste in production and associated planning and purchasing†¦ †(Baily, P177) JIT can keep the stock level to be low in the organisation, which can prevent unnecessary capital to be stuck as stock. The utilisation of a VMI system for stock control could prove to be more cost effective for the company as the supplier takes responsibility for stock management. Suppliers have more experience of this kind of system and would ensure the smooth running of the stockroom. The company would receive higher levels of service as less time would be spent on low value goods and as there would be less stock wastage the company would achieve improved revenue. (Baily, P182) 2. 0 Recommendations 3. 0 Conclusion Currently there are problems with Nessa’s bar as it operates on an inefficient and disorganised system. Basic errors including order duplication, failing to pay suppliers, wasting time on low value goods, and a lack of purchasing knowledge has resulted in a loss of money, time and stock. Also the non payment of invoices has given the company a bad reputation with suppliers. The company could hire a professional buyer who specialises in purchasing goods thereby eradicating the possibility of mistakes being made when goods are ordered. Time would be saved by orders not being duplicated, items overstocked, or wasted on low value goods. If this is not a viable economic option then one of the three managers could be trained to assume the role and take on the responsibility for these tasks. One person would then make decisions, an advantage would be that they already have a working knowledge of the company and they are also known to the other managers from the outset. A centralised approach with just one national supplier would make purchasing easier and more cost effective for the company as they will reduce the amount of paperwork by receiving one invoice rather than several. This will assist ease of stock control and management. 4. 0 Reference Baily P. Purchasing Principles and Management, Financial Times/Pitman Publishing (Tenth edition) Lysons K. 2000) Purchasing and Supply Chain Management (5th Edition), Financial Times/Pitman Publishing Webster F and Wind Y (1972) Organisational buying behaviour, Prentice Hall, New York. American Marketing Association. (1995). Market research. Available: http://dis. shef. ac. uk/sheila/marketing/research. htm. Last accessed 28. Febuary 2010. R. Srinivasan. (1988). Brand Accounting-An Emerging Concept. Available: www. londonmba. o rg/†¦ /Brand%20Accounting-An%20Emerging%20Concept_by%20R. %20Srinivasan. doc. Last accessed 1 March 2010. 5. 0 Bibliography Kotler, P. & Armstrong, G. (2000) Principles of Marketing (9th edition) Prentice Hall.

Nelson Mandela’s Leadership Style Essay

Effective Leader Effective Leader The urge to be an effective leader demands you to become a good manager. When describing the ideal characteristics of a good leader, there are essential skills that a good manger should portray. In this case, it is considered that a good manger should be equipped with human, technical and conceptual skills. These skills are vital in the delivery of organizational services. In addition, such skills will be used to determine the capacity of a manager in the bid to measure one’s effective leadership. Human skills involve the capability to handle issues that relate to humanity and members of the society. Technical skills are the tailored skills to deliver some efforts based on the available technical facilities. Lastly, conceptual skills cover multiple issues that an organization desires to achieve in the business ventured. Following the integration of these skills in varied dimensions, it is possible to establish the effectiveness in leadership. As such, it is considered that good managers are effective leaders. Although the term leadership and management are interchangeably used when referring to people spearheading organizations or a group of people, they distinctly imply different forms of overseeing people. Leadership involves the incorporation of creativity and innovation in leading people to partake in something that can be believed to be useful for all lives. On the other hand, management involves the understanding of an organizational vision and mission, which allow one guide it as per the formulated plans. Since these two concepts are vital for any organization, one should be a good manager to be an effective leader. This demands the understanding of what makes one a good manger to achieve the attributes of an effective leader. In this essay, I will discuss one of the great leader Mr. Nelson Mandela. His direction and leadership style has given freedom to South African people. Effective Leader – Nelson Mandela **** In the twenty first century, leaders are required to build a greater impression in which people believe in strategy, trust in management decisions, and trust in their work. Once people believe in management choice, there will be enthusiasm inside an organization. Such an environment helps the organization growing or flourish. A doing well leaders create a surroundings in cooperation inside and outside the organization. (Subir chowdbhury management, 21c financial times prentice hall (2000). The world hopeful in political leaders but unfortunately, a few of live up to the leadership main beliefs and values. In fact, a lot of political leaders seem to severely be deficient in numerous of the majority necessary leadership qualities. This assay will be analyzing on one of African president ever recognized as dedicated leader; who dedicated his entire life fighting for freedom of his nation. Rolihlahla Mandela was born in Transkei in a small rural community in the easterner cape of South Africa. On 18th July 1918 and named Nelson by one of his teachers, Mandela led the struggle to reinstate the apartheid rule of South Africa against racial discrimination. As well-known as a democratic leader he was incarcerated for 27 years. Has been awarded the Nobel peace prize in 1993 and 1994 Nelson Mandela been voted as South Africa first black president. (BBC news-Mandela’s life and times2008) The essay will seem at his behavior, characteristics as leader, and the style of his leadership at last relate his leadership with particular theory of leadership that is transformational leadership model. Leadership Definition Leadership is a function of personal and professional qualities (retrospection), the conception of a vision, structure and satisfying a sense of collective purpose, and make sure carrying out, with strategy and culture as two situational or contextual factors (cannon,2004; gil,2006) Characteristics traits or personality Mr. Nelson Mandela Charismatic personality he’s self-determined, sense of humor, integrity, strong minded, intelligence, empathy, self-nelson Mandela charisma encouraged people by changing their goals, values, need beliefs and objective he bring about this change by attempt to south Africa people self-idea specifically make the people feel valued and personal identity the lack of resentment over cruel treatment received. Nelson Mandela spiritual strengths beliefs which show the integrity and willingness never to give up (BBC news – Mandela’s life and times 2008) As admired leader Mr. Nelson Mandela as peace maker struggle to reinstate the apartheid rule of South Africa with multi-racial democracy, During the period of his incarceration sacrificed his family were he was absent in nurture of his children or in any feature of everyday life he has been shared with the world for his struggle for a nation not only for an individual or for own individual family. Mr. Nelson Mandela believed that to be a freedom fighter one must suppress many of personal feelings that make one feel separated individual rather than part for the liberation of millions of people, not glory for one individual. (Long walk for freedom chapter 11) Not all freedom fighter live to see their struggle bring about the change they are fighter for in the life time’s sometimes they set the stage for the next generation to realize the fruits of their labor, social change happening when individual make change a choice to fight for justice and against oppression. (Frontline the long walk of Nelson Mandela: viewer’s &ump; teachers’ guide p11) Leadership role Nelson Mandela growing up with tribal traditional costumes’ Mr Mandela erudite that listening to others ideas is most important than talk or make own decision without consulting others. Mandela’s ideas about resolving disagreement grew as developed common sense of individuality and vision for leading people. Has combined the tactic and procedure observed from tribal chiefs, formal education and experiences to the ways of ruling parties. Mr. Mandela observed the ways of oppressors and well-known that they did little to dishearten, and in fact give confidence division along with the different tribes or groups of black and Asian South Africans. This taught that leaders  might use their power to bring people together or slash apart. (Frontline the long walk of Nelson Mandela: viewer’s &ump; teachers’ guide p18.) Behavior: Nelson Mandela characterized by nature a peaceful and peace-loving man. But over the conduit of life’s exertion, has been forced to make hard choices in order to realize his final objective of a democratic South Africa. While the ANC’s preliminary policy was one of non-violence, over time felt forced to reconsider its effectiveness and accepted violent behavior as a strategy for achieving goal for a South Africa, once returned to original guiding principle of non-violence has transformed from the period of apartheid government to a democratic rule Nelson Mandela as eventually the beneficiary, along with F.W. Deklerk, in 1993 Nobel Peace Prize. The subsequent year has been nominated as first black president of democratic South Africa. (Frontline; the long walk of Nelson Mandela: viewer’s &ump; teachers’ guide p17) Style of his leadership Under the democratic leadership style Where the focuses of leader is more with a group as an entire and better dealings within the group and leadership function are in collective with the part of team. The group member has a greater say in decision making, determination of police implementation of scheme and dealings (Laurie J. Mullins 2005). Democratic leadership as a style whereby the leader persuade an open trusting and follower oriented relationship. Leaders who adopted encouraged followers to establish their own police provided them with a perspective by explaining in advance the procedures for accomplishing the goals and granted the followers independence to commence their own tasks and congratulating them in an objective manner. According to bass (1990) leaders adopting this leadership style were described as caring, considerate, and easy to compromise and they also had a sense of responsibility and attachment to their followers. Transformational leadership Many writers see transformational leadership as the similar thing as charismatic, creative thinker or inspirational leadership for instance,  kreitner et al. Refers to a leadership as a transforming workers to pursue organisational goals over personality interest, Charismatic leaders followers by creating modification in their goal, values, needs beliefs and aspirations. Such as a new theory of leadership contain greater than recent years evolved as central to understanding leadership with emphasis on transformational leadership where leader stimulates group to change their motives, beliefs and values and capabilities so to the group own attention and individual goal turn into congruent with organization (Bas 1985). An important characteristic of this leadership is charisma; and certainly conger and kanungo (1987) include developed leadership theory that particularly focuses on measurement. In bass (1990) transformational leadership as a behavioral procedure of being gain knowledge of management, it’s leadership practice with the purpose of methodical consisting of purposeful and prepared investigate for possible systematic examination and the aptitude to move about resources from areas of slighter to better production, (Bass 1990, P,53-4) the leader attain this simulation in by creating an consciousness of the task of organization and develops group to higher level of ability and potential â€Å" (Mandel and Pherwani 2003, P, 390) furthermore transformational leaders believed to encompass the aptitude to motivate, inspire, and hold up creativity in group. This become visible to subsist achieved throughout transformational leader illustrate evidence of a high degree of individualized thoughtfulness which â€Å"the degree to which leader attends to the group observe and listens to the leaders concern by acting as a counsellor (judge and Piccolo, 2004 P. 755) Transformational leadership theory hold further by management author in the 1980 as method of efficiently carry in relation to organizational change (Avolio et al 1991; Bennis and Nanus, 1985; Tichy and Devanna; 1986 Tichy and Ulrich 1984) these study harassed that transformational leader lend a hand to realign the value and norms (Avolio et al; 1991, P.9) of an organization endorse change. These value and norms are mainly precious while an organization comes across harsh disaster in motivating group in pursuing creative problem solving (Avolio et al; 1991). Organizational changes achieved throughout transformational leaders creating awareness of the goal and task of the organization, according to Mandel and Phewani (2003) this awareness allow group to appear further than own interest through afterwards benefits the group and  eventually the organizational. According to whitehead, for instance the most significant attribute that a high-quality leader inspiring people by create an environment where it’s acceptable for people to make mistakes and gain knowledge of them, rather than what happened in the ancient times which to hold responsibility and punish them. Leading from this position the acquisition of a high level of commitment from their people than mere compliance. Adair argues with the purpose of truthfully inspirational leader should be aware of the spirit surrounded by all people encompass the possible for greatness; inspirational leader connects through the lead, appreciates the potential of others and during trust dete rmination release the powers in others. Adair refers to the inspired instant acknowledgment and attack of a concise window of opportunity that can take action as an influential means to inspire mutually the leader and the led. (Laurie J. Mullins 2005) Beginning visioning capabilities is an additional leadership skill is normally linked with efficiency. This ability consists of a leader being able to build up a strategic vision (Lombardo and McCauley. 1985 Kouzes and Posner. 1993). Bennis and Thomas conclude that individual achievement is partly connected to a leader’s ability to â€Å"come out others in shared sense† and that effective leaders are able to â€Å"mobilize workers† in a â€Å"distinct and convincing voice† (Bennis and Thomas, 2002 P 39). In addition to visioning skills Kotter (1996) recognized align and communicating way, motivating and inspiring workforce and producing useful change as significant leadership skills to be acquired. clearly goal achievement is moreover important (Bo yatzis, 1982) on the other hand performance needs to be redirected toward strategic skills (Lombardo and McCauley, 1988) directed at implementing a vision (Hitt, 1988), rather than excessively focusing on technical skills (Lombardo and McCauley, 1988) According to Burns (2002) leaders must keep people focused on core values and mission and encourage continuous transformation of the organization as a means of pursuing its core mission. Fundamental to system-control thinking is an idea of the chase of clear organizational goals designer by the manager or leader who then motivates others to act in ways which will achieve these goals. It is suggested that this difficult for a number of reasons. Such ways of thinking about leadership based upon a unitary view of organization and are thus motivated to act in ways that will ensure the understanding of such goals.  Both transformational and charismatic leadership theories can be seen to uphold unitary assumptions. Essential to Bass’s theory the view of subordinates transcending self-happiness for the goals of the organization, with Bas and Avolio (1994, p 3) for instance suggesting that â€Å"the (transformational) leader creates clearly communicated expectations that followers want to meet up and likewise Conger and Kanango (1987). Although Bass and Avolio (1994) acknowledge that followers hold a various set of views, desires and aspirations, they suggest that through the use of inspirational motivation the leader talented to support diverse followers around a vision. Thus there remains a belief that high consensus can be achieved and thus conflict, negotiation and politics that are predictable in organizations tend to be marginalized remarkably, Barker (1997) remind of Burns’s (1978) definition of leadership which emphasizes leadership as a practice which occurs within a context of competition and conflict. Interesting Bass’s theory of transformational leadership has built upon Burns’s work and thus far downplay important dimension. The following comment from a manager study highlights the realism of conflicting organizational goals. Managers in revision moreover often described the challenges in working with others who assumed very different views and the requirement of politic king to bu ild support for facts: This would seem to advise a slightly different reality to ideas of consensus, cohesion and willing self-sacrifice for the greater high-quality. Moderately suggests an added complex, untidy realism where conflicts of interest succeed and as such the manager should occasionally behave in uncomfortable ways to persuade others of individual viewpoints. It may be argued that assumptions of a unitary organization might simplify the reality that found organization are somehow set and once achieved the work of the leader done. Again this seen to simplify the case. (Conger and Kanungo, 1987 p.46).reliable with systems-control thinking theories of transformational and charismatic leadership present an individualistic conception of leadership, since the forces on the leader as special person. Indeed there center on a talented individual apparently possession of almost phenomenal, magical powers that may perhaps seen to hypnotize group to act in conduct wanted by the leader. Words such as extraordinary unconventional and heroic characterize a description of leader behaviors. Bass (1985) p.47,48) for instance,  highlights the extraordinariness of transformational, charismatic leader suggesting that the unusual vision of charismatic leaders that makes it possible for them to observe around corners stems from greater freedom from internal conflict while the normal manager is a continuing victim of their self-doubts and personal traumas . Alimo-Metcalfe et al (2002) argued that new theory of leadership create dangerous myths since they create a view of leadership unapproachable to the majority usual mortals. Further, the thought that a leader should in several method gifted shows a weakening to accepted wisdom of leadership as an instinctive ability and as such suggests slight completed through way of teaching leadership indeed, in own employment found several managers who apparent leadership as an inspirational gift and therefore attempts to teach leadership were seen as limited. Conclusion A leadership in an attempt study explore the style used in large scale to find out the outcome styles in terms of extra effort effectiveness and satisfaction among employees A transformational leader move up levels of understanding and consciousness about the meaning of value of necessary result s and habits of attainment encourage offering up personality interest for the sake of the group or organization. Leadership related directly to organization task and objectives. Transformational leadership develop inspired way surroundings and creating a mutual vision that is clear and hopeful to employees. Leaders strength necessitates make over corporate strategic objectives into an individually concerned vision to motivate and convince reluctant workers of its value. The glowing communicated vision and ambition vital constituent of expecting new behaviors and new instructions for an organization and its employees. References Bell, Myrtle P. (2001). Diversity in organizations. Koonce, Richard. (2001). Redefining diversity. It’s not just the right thing to do; it also makes good business sense. Kreitner, Robert, and Cassidy Carlene M. (2011). Management. Managing Diversity. Liopis, Glen. (2011). Diversity Management is the Key to growth: Make it Authentic. Retrieved from

Dr. Mary Edwards Walker, Civil War Surgeon

Dr. Mary Edwards Walker, Civil War Surgeon Mary Edwards Walker was an unconventional woman. She was a proponent of womens rights and dress reform- especially the wearing of Bloomers which didnt enjoy wide currency until the  sport of bicycling  became popular. In 1855 she became one of the earliest female physicians upon graduation from Syracuse Medical College. She married Albert Miller, a fellow student, in a ceremony that did not include a promise to obey; she did not take his name, and to her wedding wore trousers and a dress-coat. Neither the marriage nor their joint medical practice lasted long. At the start of the Civil War, Dr. Mary E. Walker volunteered with the Union Army and adopted mens clothing. She was at first not allowed to work as a physician, but as a nurse and as a spy. She finally won a commission as an army surgeon in the Army of the Cumberland, 1862. While treating civilians, she was taken prisoner by the Confederates and was imprisoned for four months until she was released in a prisoner exchange. Her official service record reads: Dr. Mary E. Walker (1832 - 1919) Rank and organization: Contract Acting Assistant Surgeon (civilian), U. S. Army. Places and dates: Battle of Bull Run, July 21, 1861 Patent Office Hospital, Washington, D.C., October 1861 Following Battle of Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Tennessee September 1863 Prisoner of War, Richmond, Virginia, April 10, 1864 - August 12, 1864 Battle of Atlanta, September 1864. Entered service at: Louisville, Kentucky Born: 26 November 1832, Oswego County, N.Y. In 1866, the London Anglo-American Times wrote this of her: Her strange adventures, thrilling experiences, important services and marvelous achievements exceed anything that modern romance or fiction has produced.... She has been one of the greatest benefactors of her sex and of the human race. After the Civil War, she worked primarily as a writer and lecturer, usually appearing dressed in a mans suit and top hat. Dr. Mary E. Walker was awarded a Congressional Medal of Honor for her Civil War service, in an order signed by President Andrew Johnson on November 11, 1865. When, in 1917, the government revoked 900 such medals, and asked for Walkers medal back, she refused to return it and wore it until her death two years later. In 1977 President Jimmy Carter restored her medal posthumously, making her the first woman to hold a Congressional Medal of Honor. Early Years Dr. Mary Walker was born in Oswego, New York. Her mother was Vesta Whitcom and her father was Alvah Walker, both originally from Massachusetts and descended from early Plymouth settlers who had first moved to Syracuse in a covered wagon and then to Oswego. Mary was the fifth of five daughters at her birth. and another sister and a brother would be born after her.   Alvah Walker was trained as a carpenter who, in Oswego, was settling into a farmers life. Oswego was a place where many became abolitionists including neighbor Gerrit Smith and supporters of womens rights. The womens rights convention of 1848 was held in upstate New York. The Walkers supported the growing abolitionism, and also such movements as health reform and temperance.   The agnostic speaker Robert Ingersoll was Vestas cousin.   Mary and her siblings were raised religiously, though rejecting the evangelism of the time and not associating with any sect. Everyone in the family worked hard on the farm, and were surrounded by many books which the children were encouraged to read. The Walker family helped to found a school on their property, and Marys older sisters were teachers at the school. Young Mary became involved with the growing womens rights movement. She may also have first met Frederick Douglass when he spoke in her home town. She also developed, from reading medical books which she read in her home, the idea that she could be a physician.   She studied for a year at Falley Seminary in Fulton, New York, a school which included courses in the sciences and health.   She moved to Minetto, New York, to take a position as a teacher, saving to enroll in medical school. Her family had also been involved in dress reform as one aspect of womens rights, avoiding the tight clothing for women that restricted movement, and instead advocating for more loose clothing.   As a teacher, she modified her own clothing to be looser in the waste, shorter in the skirt, and with pants underneath. In 1853 she enrolled in Syracuse Medical College, six years after  Elizabeth Blackwells medical education. This school was part of a movement towards eclectic medicine, another part of the health reform movement and conceived of as a more democratic approach to medicine than the traditional allopathic medical training.   Her education included traditional lectures and also interning with an experienced and licensed physician. She graduated as a Doctor of Medicine in 1855, qualified as both a medical doctor and as a surgeon. Marriage and Early Career She married a fellow student, Albert Miller, in 1955, after knowing him from their studies.   The abolitionist and Unitarian Rev. Samuel J. May performed the marriage, which excluded the word obey. The marriage was announced not only in local papers, but in  The Lily,  the dress reform periodical of Amelia Bloomer. Mary Walker and Albert Mmiller opened a medical practice together. By the late 1850s she became active in the womens rights movement, focusing on dress reform. Some key suffrage supporters including Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Lucy Stone adopted the new style including shorter skirts with pants worn underneath. But the attacks and ridicule about clothing from the press and public began to, in the opinion of some suffrage activists, distract from womens rights.   Many went back to traditional dress, but Mary Walker continued to advocate for more comfortable, safer clothing. Out of her activism, Mary Walker added first writing and then lecturing to her professional life. She wrote and spoke about delicate matters including abortion and pregnancy outside of marriage. She even wrote an article on women soldiers. Fighting for a Divorce In 1859, Mary Walker discovered that her husband was involved in an extramarital affair.   She asked for a divorce, he suggested that instead, she also find affairs outside their marriage. She pursued a divorce, which also meant that she worked to establish a medical career without him, despite the significant social stigma of divorce even among those women working for womens rights.   Divorce laws of the time made a divorce difficult without the consent of both parties. Adultery was grounds for a divorce, and Mary Walker had amassed evidence of multiple affairs including one that resulted in a child, and another where her husband had seduced a woman patient.   When she still could not get a divorce in New York after nine years, and knowing that even after the granting of a divorce there was a five year waiting period until it became final, she left her medical, writing, and lecture careers in New York and moved to Iowa, where divorce was not so difficult.   Iowa In Iowa, she was at first unable to convince people that she was, at the young age of 27, qualified as a physician or teacher.   After enrolling in school to study German, she discovered they did not have a German teacher. She participated in a debate, and was expelled for participating.   She discovered that New York state would not accept an out of state divorce, so she returned to that state. War When Mary Walker returned to New York in 1859, war was on the horizon. When the war broke out, she decided to go to war, but not as a nurse, which was the job the military was recruiting for, but as a physician. Known for:  among the earliest woman physicians; first woman to win the Medal of Honor; Civil War service including commission as an army surgeon; dressing in mens clothing Dates:  November 26, 1832 - February 21, 1919 Print Bibliography Harris, Sharon M.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Dr. Mary Walker, An American Radical, 1832 - 1919  . 2009.Synder, Charles McCool.  Dr. Mary Walker: The Little Lady in Pants.  1974.   More About Mary Walker: Profession:  PhysicianAlso known  as:  Dr. Mary Walker, Dr. Mary E. Walker, Mary E. Walker, Mary Edwards WalkerOrganizational Affiliations: Union ArmyPlaces: New York, United StatesPeriod: 19th century

SAT German Subject Test Information

SAT German Subject Test Information    Haben Sie studierte die deutsche Sprache fà ¼r eine Weile? Ist Ihr Deutsch ausgezeichnet? If you know what were rattling on about, then perhaps you may do well on the SAT German Subject Test. Its not for the faint of heart. It is, however, for those Studenten who want to show off the years of study theyve put into the language. So, whats on it? Keep reading for all the basics. Note: This test is not part of the SAT Reasoning Test, the popular college admissions exam. This is one of the many SAT Subject Tests  which are  designed to showcase your scholarship in all sorts of fields. SAT German Subject Tests Basics Before you register for this test, (which only pops up once a year) here are the basics about your testing conditions: 60 minutes.85 multiple-choice questions.200-800 points possible.Conforms to the German spelling reform (Rechtschreibreform) as much as possible.2 different types of German questions: Reading comprehension and Vocabulary/Grammar in context. SAT German Subject Test Questions So, whats actually on the test? What kinds of questions will you be answering? Heres the way in which your German fluency will be tested: Sentence and Paragraph Completion: Approximately 42-43 questions. According to the College Board, these questions test vocabulary and grammar. They require you to know the meaning of words and idiomatic expressions in context and to identify usage that is structurally correct and appropriate. For each omission, you must select the choice that BEST fits each sentence. Reading Comprehension: Approximately 42 - 43 questions. The passages here are taken from printed materials such as advertisements, timetables, street signs, forms and tickets. There are also several prose passages followed by questions that test your understanding of the passages. The passages, mostly adapted from literary sources and newspapers or magazines, are generally one or two paragraphs in length and test whether you can identify the main idea or comprehend facts or details in the text. Why Take the SAT German Subject Test? In some cases, youll need to take them, especially if youre considering choosing German as your major. In other cases, its a great idea to take the German Subject Test so you can showcase that highly sought-after skill of bilingualism. It shows the college admissions officers that you have more up your sleeve than your GPA. Taking the test, and scoring high on it, demonstrates qualities of a well-rounded applicant. Plus, it can get you out of those entry-level language courses. How to Prepare for the SAT German Subject Test To ace this thing, youll need at least two years (but preferably four) in German during high school, and youll want to take the test as close to the end of or during your most advanced German class you plan to take. Getting your high school German teacher to offer you some supplementary study materials is always a good idea, too, and it never hurts to ask a kindly German neighbor or grandmother to speak with you once in a while in German.  In addition, you should practice with legitimate practice questions like youll see on the test. The College Board offers free practice questions for the SAT German Test along with a pdf of the answers, too. Sample SAT German Subject Test Question This question comes from the College Boards free practice questions. The writers have ranked the questions from 1 to 5 where 1 is the least difficult. The question below is ranked as a 4. Der Prsident hat gestern Abend eine . . . gehalten. (A) Rede(B) Sprache(C) Nachricht(D) Erklrung Sample Answer Choice (A) is correct. Yesterday evening the president gave a speech (A). The expression â€Å"to give a speech† is rendered idiomatically by eine Rede halten. It does not make sense to say that the president gave a language (B) yesterday evening, and it is much more likely that the president gave a speech than a message (C) or an explanation (D).

Labour relations or employment relations issue in workplace Essay

Labour relations or employment relations issue in workplace - Essay Example . According to Mithra (2009), binding arbitration is a case whereby a party is asked to make an agreement which provides that if they have a dispute with the contracting partner then they opt to be heard by private arbitrator rather than normal litigation through courts. The contracting parties are bound totally by the decision of the arbitrator hence their case can not be appealed in a court of law. The arbitrator is usually a third party and has the authority to make final decision in accordance to prior arrangements of contracting parties. It can not be stated with certainty when formal processes of arbitration were established in the world but it is known that arbitration as method of resolution of disputes is far much older than courts litigation. Arbitration use can be traced far back from ancient civilizations e.g. Greece, Roman and Egypt. The arbitration act of 1697 was the first English law on arbitration, though arbitration was in common use even before the law came to be. Arbitrations before this law was usually never strong this was mainly due to the parties to arbitration terminating the arbitrators authority if the deemed things were not going well with their expectations on the arbitration Arbitration is a resolution of a dispute by a non partisan third party who gives the final word on the settlement which is final to the parties in arbitration. Arbitration is distinct to mediation, determination by experts, alternative dispute resolution and judicial proceedings. In practice some cases of disputes are not able to be subjected to arbitration this is usually depending on the content of the case that involve arbitration. Examples of procedures that can not be subjected to arbitration include; Where the resolution of the dispute does not require the parties to the dispute to enter any form of agreement e.g., court processes that bind all members of the public or institutions or a dispute that involves public interest, this can be

Legal Transplants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Legal Transplants - Essay Example The establishment of a market economy and the introduction of an ‘open door’ policy in China have necessitated the need for internationalising Chinese law and there is an increased stress on legal assimilation or transplant, which is to be based on market-associated legal mechanisms. There is a fear in some corners that legal transplantation may end up westernising Chinese law, but to be an economic super power, there is a necessity for China to modernise its law. Much Chinese literature has stressed the need for harmonising or assimilating China’s law with that of international conventions and practices and transplanting into China western laws on market-associated mechanisms. The main objectives of economic and structural reforms and the freedom of productive forces are the main criteria for internationalisation of Chinese law6. Legal transfusions have been carried out around the globe. The rest of Asia has benefitted from the import of laws from China and many South–East Asian nations have imported Islamic laws into their legal systems. There exists corroborative evidence that East African nations have benefited from the transplantation of Indian legal rules. The latest legal developments in Mozambique and Namibia have an influence from South African laws. And today, the close relationship between Africa and China could trigger a new transmission of legal models to support business transactions7. Laws that are consistent with the pre-existing social order or with the local atmosphere are more probable to be successfully transplanted and implemented. A nation is likely to derive economic advantage from a successful legal transplant, but this does not depend the legal rule’s country of origin but whether it is the most apt to resolve a given... This paper stresses that the PRC government does not refer the international human rights accords as an instant legal source but rather as a reference point of legislation. This connotes that PRC does not want to imitate the exact treaty provisions in its national human rights law but may prefer to fine-tune the substance of international human rights provisions to suit with the Chinese or local scenarios. The author of the paper talks that other human rights deficiencies include, as discussed above, included coerced confessions, restriction of the right to be promptly charged or released and lack of client-lawyer privilege. Freedom to assemble and establish trade unions falls short of ICESCR provisions. It is suggested that a radical change within the Chinese political system is needed to introduce the Human Rights Law in tune with international human rights treaties. Legal adoption of international human rights laws in China should be tailored to the needs of the Chinese one-party system with enhanced safeguards for the ordinary citizen within an authoritarian rule-of-law government is the current need. This report makes a conclusion that if China really wants a total legal transplant of the international human treaty provisions into its HRL, it should endeavour to implement the following: it should fine tune some chosen laws to the prerequisites of the ICCPR; produce a reliable understanding of the Constitution that is unfailing with the ICCPR; introduce a constitutional amendment to include the norms of the ICCPR; and insert a rule in its ordinary statutes or in its Constitution that requires a prior application of the ICCPR.