Economic Final project paper and Power point Essay

Monetary Final undertaking paper and Power point - Essay Example Through the diverse scientist examines, it has been demonstrated that the car business keeps on ascending in charge of the world economy. It has even been seen that nations, for example, Korea and Japan are among the quickest developing nations today because of the way that they are among the ones having extraordinary control in the vehicle business. For what reason is this specific certainty pertinent to the general public today and how is this essential thought emotional in the process by which the world appearances overall financial disturbance at present? Transportation is the notable factor that realizes the opportunity of each country to advance. Whenever seen cautiously, scientists bear witness to the way that the nations having the most exceptional transportation framework are those that are extremely ready to confront the various difficulties of present day advancements towards national advancement. For what reason is this so? Transportation is frequently viewed as the most significant fuel to national turn of events. A nation that has the most dynamic feeling of transportation are the ones that can interface every last trace of the nation towards progression. The streets and the open vehicle frameworks effectively get individuals to and from work making it a lot simpler for them to help the national economy through having the option to perform well for the monetary headway of the nation. Clearly, every country, large or little is generally characterized by its arrangement of transportation. Each arrangement of transportation is powered by the cutting edge headways in portable creation. This reality has been perceived and comprehended as the years progressed. Thus, subsequently, the new imaginative structures of cars are fairly made to fit the requirements of the cutting edge society. Credibly, the advanced society invites new structure that would best accommodate their interest for the best sort of transport and travel that they realize they merit. Thus, this is the place the social job of the car business comes in. Alongside the businesses giving the essential

Ancient Rome The Birthplace of Modern Sports

Old Rome The Birthplace of Modern Sports Presentation The prevalence of wearing rivalry in the advanced society mirrors that of the old Roman Empire’s vision for its general public. Diversion was a significant part of the day by day life of Roman residents, consequently their enthusiasm for brandishing games and occasions. The vast majority of today’s wearing games can be followed back to these games, yet with a couple or significant changes. Games, for example, horseracing, ball games, tabletop games, and the warrior battles, which started in Rome, are still appreciated in various pieces of the world.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Ancient Rome: The Birthplace of Modern Sports explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Several parts of games in old Rome can be watched today, for instance, the closeness of combatant challenges to sorted out present day sports (Ow, para. 1). Combatants were prepared in exceptional schools utilizing strategies are as yet utilized in preparing today ’s proficient competitors. A few parts of the gladiatorial games can be promptly seen in today’s football, hockey, boxing, and wrestling challenges in these occasions, the rivals dress in some type of reinforcement, utilize game weapons, pull in gigantic groups, receive extravagant names and titles and every now and again increase a lot of prevalence and flourishing (Hicks, para. 3). Indeed, even the arena design utilized some time ago is still in application. Advanced pony and vehicle hustling rivalries show extraordinary likeness to the Circus-Maximus in Rome, where ponies contended and the chariots collided with one another to the joy of groups. Conversation Sporting occasions and exercises in antiquated Rome were famous among the locals. The Colosseum in Rome, where most games were held, was an immense showground that could hold in excess of 45,000 individuals. It was here that the Romans came to watch the vicious and some of the time grisly fights that related wit h the Romans. Occasions comprised of fights among combatants, and even among warriors and wild creatures, for example, lions (Oracle, para. 8). Another most loved game was chariot dashing. This game displayed hardened rivalry and frequently finished in injury or passing of the members or their ponies. Roman charioteers, the majority of whom were slaves, were alluded to as aurigae and would participate in this game to get noticeable, procure adequate cash, and purchase their opportunity. Chariot dashing was one of the most well known games in antiquated Rome, it later spread to different pieces of the world and is a most loved game in certain countries. Games transformed into a demonstration of show with savage rivalry as the champs were remunerated and got mainstream and were liable to favors. To guarantee that the games pulled in gigantic numbers, the specialists spent a great deal of cash on the games yet entrance, much of the time, was free. Freely financed games likewise proceed ed into the territories with every locale having its own amphitheater. Amphitheaters were the most widely recognized scenes for donning exercises, the first was worked at around 29 BC.Advertising Looking for article on antiquated history? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The amphitheater was oval or curved with slanting seats and bolstered on strong rocks. They were at first cut out of earth yet this changed and the Romans began utilizing concrete to fortify them. A velum shielded the group from components of climate and in bigger structures, underground floors were built to hold creatures before a fight (Oracle, para. 10). The stands offered an astounding perspective on the field and with the groups rooting for their preferred groups or individual, the view from the stands more likely than not been a great encounter for any individual who joined in. In spite of getting intensely from the antiquated Roman, today’s games are not about rivalry any longer, rather, they are centered around making benefits. Rivalry is a fundamental ethos of the game as it makes enthusiasm inside the onlookers, similarly as it was in old Rome. It is entirely expected to know about match fixing and game cheats planned for making a few groups win through out of line strategies that were void in the antiquated occasions. Impact of Roman Stadiums The design of the Roman amphitheaters can be effortlessly perceived in today’s arenas. The amphitheaters were circular or close hover fit as a fiddle. The most acclaimed of these was the Colosseum which secured right around six sections of land and with a tallness of 48.5 m. The structure is traditional layout for today’s stadia; the inclining seats, retractable rooftop, curved shape†¦ all these obtain from the old Roman design. Present day sports has not just obtained in the circle of engineering, it has additionally acquired viewpoints, for example, pre-game cer emonies and names. For instance, the University of South California’s arena is alluded to as The Coliseum, despite the fact that the arena is bigger than the genuine Coliseum, it obtains from the Roman engineering, like most stadia. The Romans created concrete by blending volcanic debris from Mount Vesuvius in with slaked lime, this made an item that could solidify when blended in with water and they utilized this to make building establishments to a large portion of their structures, including the Coliseum. This has been recreated in the development of present day stadia. In spite of the Romans’ expertise in development, verifiable proof recommends that the arena development started in Greece, the word itself originates from the Greek word â€Å"stadion†, a proportion of length equivalent to 200m. The Romans just imitated what had started years earlier.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Ancient Rome: The Birthplace of Modern Sports explicitly fo r you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Training of Gladiators were prepared in exceptional foundations at first run by private people, however later controlled by the royal state to maintain a strategic distance from the rise of a private military. The warriors were prepared like competitors, like cutting edge preparing of expert competitors (Meijer, pp. 67). They were given clinical consideration and were served food threefold every day. They were prepared on the usa of different weapons (Ablemedia, para. 1). Effective combatants got decent and were celebrated among the low and high in the general public and their job as performers was respected in important and ordinary things everywhere throughout the realm. The competitors remained in cells inside the preparation school and a run of the mill day would have started with a morning meal followed by some light warm-up work out. Quickly, they would go into full preparing within the sight of their coach, just breaking at lunch, and continuing toward the evening. This is not normal for present day competitors who enlist a private mentor and come back to their local locations in the wake of preparing, plus, today’s preparing strategy is progressively organized and everything is finished by book. End The Romans have had a gigantic impact in today’s wearing exercises and occasions. Their commitment isn't just in field occasions, it tends to be seen in other open air exercises, for example, horseracing, called Chariot dashing in old Rome. The Romans took an interest in boxing, ball games and Greek-style games as well, all mainstream sports today. In any case, it can not be said that the more typical brandishing exercises have their starting point among the old Romans, yet they certainly embraced them with so much energy that laws must be authorized to control them! Ablemedia. Gladiatorial Training Combat. 2007. Web. Hicks, Jesse. Testing Question: Is Football the Gladiator Sport for Modern Americans? September 14, 2009. Web.Advertising Searching for article on old history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Meijer, Fik. The Gladiators: The Deadliest Sport. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2003. Ow, Yong-Ling. Savagery and the Romans: The Arena Spectacles. 1994. Web. Prophet. Day by day Life. 2010. Web.

Social Phobics Anonymous

Social Anxiety Anonymous/Social Phobics Anonymous Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Social Anxiety Anonymous/Social Phobics Anonymous By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on February 23, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Tom Merton / Getty Images Social Anxiety Anonymous/Social Phobics Anonymous is a non-profit organization offering telephone and in-person support groups following the 12-step program adapted from Alcoholics Anonymous. Participation in meetings is free other than any long-distance charges incurred while attending telephone conference calls to the United States. A Typical Meeting Whether in-person or by telephone conference call, a typical meeting begins with readings from social anxiety literature. Participants are then invited to share personal experiences while other members listen or offer encouragement and support (but not advice or their own experiences). No registration is required to attend a meeting and there is no requirement to share. Meetings end with casual discussion among participants. Do You Need to Be Religious? You do not need to be religious to participate in the 12-step program, however, participants are asked to define their own version of a higher power. This can mean God, the wisdom of the support group, or any other symbol of positive strength in your life. Atheists and agnostics are welcome to attend meetings. Who Can Attend a 12-Step Meeting? Meetings are open for those suffering from any manifestation of social fears, including: Social anxiety disorder (SAD)Avoidant personality disorder (APD)Chronic shynessParuresis What If There Are No Local Meetings in My Area? Local meetings can be started by anyone experiencing problems with social anxiety; you dont need to have overcome your problems or have experience leading a group. The emphasis of meetings is on fellowship and community, and your job will largely be that of moderating the activities of the other participants. The 12 Steps   The 12 steps involve having faith in a higher power (as you define it) to enable you to overcome the struggles related to your social anxiety. As part of this process, you will take an inventory of your weaknesses and strengths, write a purpose statement for yourself, and envision the life that you want. You will also make amends to those that you have harmed in the past, including yourself. Finally, you will maintain contact with your higher power and carry the message of the group to others experiencing difficulty. 12-Step Programs Working for Social Anxiety There is no scientific evidence to support 12-step programs in the treatment of social anxiety. Studies have instead looked at the influence of having social anxiety on the effectiveness of 12-step programs for alcoholism. One study showed that those with social anxiety were less likely to acquire a sponsor. It is unclear if the same problems might arise for those doing 12-step programs specifically for social anxiety. However, it is reasonable to assume that participating in a group setting may be difficult for those with severe anxiety symptoms. Try One of the 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups A Word From Verywell It is important to remember that those running 12-step programs are not trained, mental health professionals. 12-step programs for social anxiety might be best used as an add-on to regular treatmentâ€"a way to share experiences with others going through the same thing.

Grameenphone Ltd. Financial Performance Analysis - 3504 Words

Letter of Transmittal 27th July, 2013 Riyashad Ahmed (RyA) School of Business North South University Sub: Submission of report for completion of course This is to inform you that we have completed the report on the assigned organization, Grameenphone ltd. The report focuses on financial performance evaluation of Grameenphone ltd and compares GP with the only other telecommunication company listed in the stock market, which is Bangladesh Submarine Cables Company ltd. (BSCCL). The report, titled Financial Performance Evaluation of Grameenphone Ltd has been prepared for the completion of the course Introduction to Financial Management. In writing this case, we have followed your instructions for report writing so as to present our views†¦show more content†¦The entire Grameenphone network is also EDGE/GPRS enabled, allowing access to high-speed Internet and data services from anywhere within the coverage area. There are currently nearly 5.8 million EDGE/GPRS users in the Grameenphone network. The company was successfully listed in the Stock Exchange in November 2009-after completion of the largest IPO in the history of Bangladesh capital market. Today, Grameenphone is the leading and largest telecommunications service provider in Bangladesh with more than 40.02 million subscribers as of December 2012. It provides services to rural and urban customers across Bangladesh, where mobile telephony is acknowledged as a significant driver of socio-economic development, for both individual and the nation. Performance Evaluation Grameenphone Ltd is one of the two telecom companies listed in Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) and Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE). The other enlisted company is Bangladesh Submarine Cable Company Ltd. (BSCCL), which is the lone provider of submarine cable bandwidth in Bangladesh. None of the more direct competitors like Banglalink, Robi, Citicel or Airtel are listed. Evaluation of the company’s financial performance is done below using data collected from their financial reports published from their Annual General Meeting. All the categories are then compared with the lone competitor BSCCL’s performance for aShow MoreRelatedGrameenphone2007 Words   |  9 Pages1.0 Micro and Macro Analysis Micro Analysis: Micro Analysis is individual study of the factors affecting firms in a specific sector or industry. Micro factors include competition, suppliers, customers, labor and competition. The effect of changes in these factors on the individual decision makers, how their choices are coordinated by markets, and how prices and demand are determined in individual Macro Analysis: Macro Analysis is the study of the behavior of the individual firms or markets. throughRead MoreExternal Environmenta Factors of Grameen Phone Limited8799 Words   |  36 PagesChapter 01 Introduction of the organization 1. Introduction of the Grameenphone Ltd.: Grameenphone, widely known as GP, is the leading telecommunications service provider in Bangladesh. With more than 27 million subscribers Grameenphone is the largest cellular operator in the country. It is a joint venture enterprise between Telenor and Grameen Telecom Corporation, a non-profit sister concern of the internationally acclaimed microfinance organization and community development bank GrameenRead MoreGp Legalwith Contents and Other Add Ins4139 Words   |  17 Pages 4 2.1 GrameenPhone Corporate Governance 4 2.2 Shareholders 4 2.3 About Telenor 4 3. Corporate Social Responsibility 5 3.1 CSR at GrameenPhone 5 Read MoreA Report on Exploring Distribution Channel of Grameen Phone7792 Words   |  32 PagesPSTN 2.4 Mobile phone operators 3.0 Competitive analysis of telecom industry 4.0 Grameen Phone at a glance 4.1 Organizational History 4.2Mission of Grameen Phone 4.3 Vision of Grameen Phone 4.4 Purpose of Grameen Phone 4.5 The business slogan 4.6 Network coverage of Grameen Phone 5.0 SWOT analysis of Grameen Phone 5.1 Network Network Coverage of GrameenPhone 5.2 Largest Geographical Coverage: 5.3 Position in the market for GrameenPhone 5.4 Market Boundary 6.0 General Industry DistributionRead MoreGrameenphone Recruitment5559 Words   |  23 PagesPersonnel Forecasting and Recruitment Process†. The practical exposure while working on this paper helped our team to bridge the academic work and the practical knowledge. We were very fortunate to have worked with some experienced professionals in Grameenphone and Aktel while gathering the relevant data for this report. We tried our best to furnish this report with all the relevant information and facts and also tried to raise the right questions. But we do acknowledge that many anomalies might ariseRead MoreComparison Between Grameenphone and Banglalink5442 Words   |  22 Pages Research paper on â€Å"Managing Profitable Customer Relationships amp; Partnering To build Customers Relationship-A Study OF Comparison Between Grameenphone amp; Banglalink. Subject: Principal Of Marketing Table of content: Topic Page no. Introduction to Grameenphone | 3 | Introduction to Banglalink | 4 | Company Background | 5 | Mission Of The Organization | 5 | Market Offerings (Product, Size/Type amp;Read MoreAn Analysis Of Data Serviceability Of Airtel Service Essay8863 Words   |  36 PagesAN ANALYSIS OF DATA SERVICEABILITY OF AIRTEL SERVICE POINTS AN ANALYSIS OF DATA SERVICEABILITY OF AIRTEL SERVICE POINTS Submitted to Homayara Latifa Ahmed Chairperson IBA Career Centre Submitted by Rahsin Jamil Roll: ZR- 23 BBA 19th Batch Faculty Advisor A.T.M. Jakaria Khan Lecturer Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka June 17, 2015 i LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL June 17, 2015 Homayara Latifa Ahmed Chairperson IBA Career CentreRead MoreThe Impacts of Mncs in the Economy of Bangladesh14643 Words   |  59 Pagesexpand their business over the world. In this sequel action American Life Insurance Company ltd. Launched in Bangladesh as a first ever MNC. Since then to today around 100 MNC have been competing in Bangladesh. If we consider the prior period of liberation war, we get launching of a lot of companies in Bangladesh. Among them Standard Chartered bank (BD) ltd, British American Tobacco (BAT) Bangladesh ltd. is most renown. BAT came in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) in1945.Standarad Chartered Bank cameRead MoreComputer Science At The University Of Arkansas At Little Rock1241 Words   |  5 Pagesnetwork security. I have over two years of professional experience focused on distributed and cloud computing from several reputed Information Technology oriented companies in my country. My academic and research interest include the fields of High Performance Computing, Signal processing, Pattern recognition, Computer Networks and Network security. Over the years I have acquired a high level of academic and professional experience and developed a strong background in those areas. However, I always wantedRead MoreAssignment on Banglalink4731 Words   |  19 PagesUniversity, Sylhet Date of Submission: May 5, 2010 1 Introduction: There are currently six (6) mobile operators companies in Bangladesh. Banglalink is one of them. It is the second largest cellular service provider in Bangladesh after Grameenphone. As of November, 2009, Banglalink has a subscriber base of 12.99 million. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Orascom Telecom.Banglalink had 1.03 million connections until December, 2005. The number of Banglalink users increased by 257 per cent

The On Coping With The Holocaust Experience - 1401 Words

From 1933 to 1945, millions of lives were thrown into chaos because of the Holocaust. Families were ripped apart and values were washed away as citizens were forcefully placed in concentration camps to either be immediately killed or to work until they died. Every person within the camps faced unthinkable trauma. Once everyone was released, the prisoners began to search for lost loved ones and a sense of normality. However, the anguish did not end with the end of the Holocaust. Following the Holocaust, first generation survivors developed abnormal values, societal dependence, and a need to avoid the topic of the Holocaust as an effect of their trauma; these side effects were then passed down to future generations As part of the human coping mechanism, people hope that life can return to normal after a traumatic event. This is rarely the case, however. Many prisoners released from concentration camps continued to suffer after being released. In the report â€Å"Multigenerational Perspectives on Coping with the Holocaust Experience† written by Dan Bar-On et al, numerous studies are cited that support the claim that the Holocaust left a lasting effect on its victims, causing marital problems, anxiety, depression, and other personality disorders. The authors cite a correlation between the concept of the â€Å"conspiracy of silence,† the survivors’ perceived need to forget and move on from their traumatic past and the prolonged emotional and behavioral effects of the HolocaustShow MoreRelatedWomen s Experiences During The Holocaust898 Words   |  4 PagesWhile women’s experiences during the Holocaust were not entirely different from those of men, it would be false and misleading to assert that they were identical. There were many instances in which an individual’s ordeal was shaped by his or her gender and it is only by understanding what was unique to women and children, and what was unique to men, that we can provide a complete account of what occurred during the Holocaust. One of the reasons it took so long for historians to comprehend the importanceRead MoreCoping Mechanism: The Pianist1732 Words   |  7 Pagesmiraculously survived the Holocaust. Throughout the movie, Szpilman’s musicality plays a key role in his survival: not only as a means of getting sympathy from others but also in enabling him to cope with the traumatic experiences he encounters. However, music did not always function successfully for Szpilman as a coping mechanism. In The Pianist, the emotional healing powers of music do not lie within music’s ability to escape into alternate, more desirable realities as a means of coping with a stressfulRead MoreMiriam Kauser And Miriam Ehrler906 Words   |  4 PagesMiriam Korber and Alice Ehrmann have many similarities as far as their experiences during the Holocaust. They both see unthinkable horrors in the form of â€Å"hunger, cold, illness, filth, death, humiliation, and despair† (Korber 245). Unlike the six million Jews killed by the Holocaust, Alice and Miriam both survive, which led me to examine how their different experiences and personalities help them survive. They both face their emotions directly and use their diaries to vent which may be part of theRead MoreNight By Elie Wiesel : Book Analysis708 Words   |  3 PagesLuba Frederick, a holocaust survivor, answered â€Å"To die was easy.†, when discussing the tragic and horrible events of the holocaust. In the Nazi concentration camps, life was miserable. Jews were oppressed by Nazi’s and forced to do their dirty work. Families, jobs, dreams, were nothing more than an illusion as cruel and inhumane treatment replaced them. People felt hopeless and looked to death as an option. Many were intrigued with the idea of death, since it was easier to give up rather than choosingRead MoreThe World Of The Holocaust1449 Words   |  6 Pagesdescribe the Holocaust. The Holocaust affected the lives of millions because of the hate inside of the Nazi’s. Why would the Nazi’s do this? This is a question almost nobody can answer. What we do know are the effects of the Holocaust; specifically, on the child survivors of the Holocaust. The Holocaust created a struggle with interpersonal relationships, psychological difficulties, and caused child survivors and their families have a drive for resilience. Most people could say the Holocaust bring feelingsRead MoreSummary Of Maus By Art Spiegelman Essay1354 Words   |  6 PagesGuilt doesn’t play a minor role in the graphic novel, Maus by Art Spiegelman. It’s a profoundly important part of his family story. Countless Hol ocaust survivors experience â€Å"survivor’s guilt† at some point of their lives, some live with it for the rest of their existence. The Holocaust was such a tremendous part of somber history, that influenced lives of children whose parents survived it. Like many other children, Art was affected by his parents’ daunting past. There is a deep level of thoughtRead More`` Maus `` By Art Speigelman And Film, The Best Years Of Our Life By William Wyler1720 Words   |  7 Pageswhere the behavioral changes in the victims is brought up as a result of the war that takes place. The novel and film display’s another point view which allows the viewers to see the true experience that individuals go through instead of just physical attacks on the environment during war. During the holocaust as viewers we only observe Hitler and his attacks on the Jews. But fail to take into consideration the effect of the individuals involved. Throughout the book Maus by Art Spiegelman, the authorRead MoreChild Rearing Problems Around Both Detachment And Attachment Essay1799 Words   |  8 Pageschild-rearing problems around both detachment and attachment. Children of Holocaust survivors may be assumed to have taken the emotional states and behaviors of their parents. As such, children who are born to traumatized Holocaust survivors would be â€Å"predisposed to PTSD (Kellermann, 264). Other evidence regarding intergenerational transmission of trauma suggests that survivors have been affected to different degrees by trauma and share a psychological syndrome referred to as Concentration Camp SyndromeRead MoreThe Holocaust During World War II1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe holocaust was the genocide of European Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War II. It lasted from 1933 to 1945, as a horrible time in history. Approximately 11 million people were killed, and almost 1 million of those killed were innocent children. It is well-known that there were a number of survivors, yet not many people know exactly how these people survived. The most known thing about the holocaust are the concentration camps. A concentration camp is defined by, â€Å"a place whereRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Holocaust1415 Words   |  6 PagesPrior to the holocaust, however, he exhibits none of these characteristics. He was kind, wealthy, and uncommonly resourceful, and his marriage to Anja was filled with compassion, intimacy, and love. Where now Vladek is now stubborn, irritable, and almost comically stingy with his money. His experiences in the Holocaust undoubtedly played a role in these dramatic personality changes. It wasn’t until the war started that Vladek got a little more precautious about a few things. Whenever a bad thing

It may be to do with rarity Free Essays

Why do wear the best suit (dress) when going for an important meeting or interview? Why do we make sure that we do not use a cheap perfume when going on a date? The aspect of self-indulgence is intertwined with the socially directed motives when it comes to luxury. The concept of luxury has been present in various forms since the beginning of civilization. Its role was Just as important in ancient western and eastern empires as it is in modern societies. We will write a custom essay sample on It may be to do with rarity or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the clear differences between social classes in earlier civilizations, the consumption of luxury was limited to the lite classes. It also meant the definition of luxury was fairly clear. Whatever the poor cannot have and the elite can was identified as luxury. The meaning of luxury and the sorts of customers that buy luxury have continually been evolving, but never as dramatically as in the past 20 years. With more potential customers , the luxury sector is today healthier than ever – increasing at around three times the rate of worldwide wealth. The luxury goods industry is unique in that it is an industry that relies strictly on marketing and promotion to sell products to a specified group of people. It is also an uxury goods industry is very fascinating and the products themselves signify prestige and status. Although a select few are able to afford luxury goods, the vast majority of people who are exposed to advertisements for certain products generally have aspirations of being able to own these products someday. The theme of this course paper is really topical nowadays, because each luxury brand takes care about its image, performance, and service in order to attract more and more customers and to gain customers loyalty. The success of each company depends mostly on clients, so to develop the business successfully each company has o care a lot about marketing aspects and to use various marketing methods of attracting new customers. The purpose of this course paper is to explore which methods of winning customers attention are more effective. Accordingly, the main objective is to study the major methods of attracting clients on the examples of the leading luxury fashion companies and to analyze their sales volume. The course paper is divided into two parts. The first part is called â€Å"Fashion industry and the place of marketing in it† and it tells about what is called luxury in general, about the global market of luxury goods and methods of attracting more and more ustomers. The second part of the course paper is called â€Å"The analysis of marketing methods of major luxury fashion brands†, where the analysis of the major luxury brands has been made – Burberry group, Gucci group and LVMH, including the statistics, the methods of customer attraction, some key steps to success of each. . Fashion industry and the place of marketing in it 1. 1 . Getting to know luxury Although the term â€Å"luxury products† is broadly defined and therefore basically comprehensible, it still needs to be operationalized because it is not yet clear which products are actually â€Å"more than necessary and ordinary compared to the other roducts of their category. † The broad definition of luxury products can be modified a nd further specified by an operational definition. For this purpose, adequate indicators for a term need to be determined. According to the dimensional analysis, it was decided to operationalize luxury products by their characteristics. The operationalization relies on a literature analysis and an empirical study. The results suggest that consumers perceive that luxury products have six major characteristics including price, quality, aesthetics, rarity, extraordinariness and symbolism. In that ay, the operationalization helps to decide for most products if they are part of what is meant by the term â€Å"luxury product†. The definition of luxury products can be summarized as: Luxury products have more than necessary and ordinary characteristics compared to other products of their category, which include their relatively high level of price, quality, aesthetics, rarity, extraordinariness, and competences of creativity, exclusivity, craftsmanship, precision, high quality, innovation and premium pricing. These product attributes give the consumers the satisfaction of not only owning expensive items but the extra-added psychological enefits like esteem, prestige and a sense of a high status that reminds them and others that they belong to an exclusive group of only a select few, who can afford these pricey items. The luxury sector targets its products and services at consumers on the top-end of the wealth spectrum. These self-selected elite is more or less price insensitive and choose to spend their time and money on objects that are plainly opulence rather than necessities. For these reasons, luxury and prestige brands have for centuries commanded an unwavering and often illogical customer loyalty. Luxury as never been something easy to define, yet this mystery concept is something highly desired by one and all alike. Delving deeper into this mystery and aura of luxury goods by way of comparing them against ‘regular goods’ as well as highlighting the characteristics of the luxury industry. Luxury products and brands can be distinguished from the premium segment by their constitutive characteristics. The major characteristics can be considered as dimensions ranging from a minimum level that is also necessary for non-luxury brands to a maximum level that corresponds to the highest form of luxury. As demonstrated in the table below, premium brands rate higher on these dimensions than medium-level brands, but still well below luxury brands. While premium brands still remain down-to-earth and cannot lose sight of the value-for-money ratio, luxury brands are reaching exceedingly reasonable levels in the major luxury dimensions, and some of them even work on topping the current top-of-top luxury level. How to cite It may be to do with rarity, Papers

Doing Research in Design Bloomsbury Publishing

Question: 1.1 Formulate and record possible research project outline specifications1.2 Identify the factors that contribute to the process of research project selection1.3 Undertake a critical review of key references1.4 Produce a research project specification1.5 Provide an appropriate plan and procedures for the agreed research specification 2.1 Match resources efficiently to the research question or hypothesis2.2 Undertake the proposed research investigation in accordance with the agreed specification and procedures2.3 Record and collate relevant data where appropriate 3.1 Use appropriate research evaluation techniques3.2 Interpret and analyse the results in terms of the original research specification3.3 Make recommendations and justify areas for further consideration4.1 Use an agreed format and appropriate media to present the outcomes of the research to an audience? Answer: 1.0 Introduction The food industry is believed to have the lowest moral and motivation level, and very few initiative are taken for correcting this situation, the reason being that the industry is as it is getting a good turnover. But the factor is affecting the employee turnover considerably. 2.0 Research Aim This research proposal aims to discover the possible reasons which are responsible for high or low employee turnover at Mc Donald. 3.0 Rationale of the study The organizations business scenario is that there are certain factors which are affecting the employee turnover. Although the company has got a very high revenue generation, the sustainability of the employees has become a big question mark. This situation is the result of less implementation of employee motivation tools by the management. Research Objectives To identify the factors those are responsible for low employee motivation To assess the extent to which motivation tools will help in increasing the moral of employees To recommend the implementation of the strategies for better motivation of employees and incline their moral Research Questions What are the factors causes low employee motivation? To what extent Mc Donald can implement strategies for increasing the moral and motivate employees? What are the improvements in the strategies that can be recommended for attaining long term employee sustainability? Literature Review New driver of employee engagement: According to Kim (2012), it is a very well known fact that organization expects a level of performance from its employees; however the degree at which an employee feels connected to the organization is dependent on core factors like the extent of employees discretionary effort committed in order to achieve the goals at workplace. The ability of performing the given work by apt utilization of the resources within the organization and a choice of work environment which not only energizes the employee leading to high motivation but also gives a sense of achievement. Gamification: Gamification involves the introduction of game dynamics at the workplace for driving participation from the employees. As per Jiang et al. (2012), gamification is responsible for increasing the motivation level and also the productivity of the employees, and also it involves the aligning of the employee expectation along with the objective of the organization. It is more like implementing game elements to non-game applications. The process involves simply rewarding points and badges but by influencing the behavior of the individual. The implementation of Gamification by the fast food giant Mc Donald was conducted on the customers in eighties, which increased the revenue generated by a huge amount (Kehoe and Wright, 2013). Employee turnover: Employee turn is something which has concerned many of the organization; however fast food sector has been infamous for its not so employee friendly working conditions (Hom et al. 2012). Because of the tedious work, it is becoming difficult o find employees who will sustain for a longer period of time. The cost of retaining employees and achieving a high employee turnover is not a cost efficient procedure for the company. However, management needs to get hold of the cause of low employee turnover and act accordingly for better employee managing (Hancock et al. 2013). Hausknecht and Holwerda (2013) has found that mass production is factor which has caused the jobs in this industry as simple and very routine. Another major problem is very less amount of unionization in fast food sector. This has caused a communication gap in between the management and the employees, as there is no one for representing them and also gives protection from higher management when needed. But Mohr et al. (2012), also focuses on the positive perspective of the industry stating that here the level of social interaction is very high and employees tend to get engaged both with the peers as well as the customers (Tooksoon, 2011). Research Methodology The research methodology deals with the procedure through which the researcher will be able to conduct the study in a systematic manner, within the context of the identified research objectives. Type of Investigation In order to gain the result of the research, it is crucial that the situation that triggered the concerned research has to be identified at the first place. For this, the rationale of the research is understood in accordance to the information gained from the secondary data. After that, the problems, related to the research study will undergo identification and analysis (Peretz and Fried, 2012). This will be accomplished by the secondary database source like the books, journals and the websites. The researcher will relate the findings of the study with the objectives. It will also be helpful in finding the answers to the research questions. Finally, the evaluation of the complete process will be carried out identifying the pros and cons and future scope of the research process. As it is a secondary research, this strategy would be appropriate for carrying out the study. Sampling Method Sampling is a crucial part as it is very important in conducting the research, especially at the time of the collection of the primary data through conducted survey method (Marescaux et al. 2012). The researcher has considered convenience sampling which is a non-probability method by nature. It will be appropriate for conducting the research properly. This method of sampling is easier to conduct, as the respondents can be chosen in a convenient manner (Park and Shaw, 2013). In this case the convenience sampling method is chosen on the basis of the convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher. Sampling size According to Jensen et al. (2013), it represents the number of the participants taken into account by the researcher, for carrying out the collection of the primary data with the use of questionnaire method. Therefore, the researcher has taken 60 employees and 4 managers of the organization. Employees are chosen for getting the quantitative data collection and the managers are chosen for gathering the qualitative data collection. Data collection method: (Primary and Secondary) An appropriate data collection method helps the researcher to conduct the study with the correct process, and get the appropriate expected results (Hesse-Biber, 2011). The researcher will develop a research questionnaire and distribute few of them and get the rest of the responses to be sent by email. Secondary data source will be internet, company websites, journals, articles and books (Ketchen and Bergh, 2011). Data analysis method: (Qualitative and Quantitative) According to the secondary data collected by the researcher and presented in the literature review section, the analysis of the data will be conducted. The quantitative data is the one, which the researcher had collected from the employees, whereas, the qualitative data analysis will be based on the responses collected from the managers of the organization. Ethical Consideration The researcher will attempt to handle the ethical issues related to the research study efficiently through considering the following aspects of the research that may cause hindrance in the research study: Data collection The researcher will make sure that all the information used in the research study are collected from the authentic and authorized sources and the researcher will not be involved in any kind of plagiarism to gain the result of the research study (Hesse-Biber, 2011). Data analysis The researcher while analyzing the data will maintain the transparency of the data through the application of analytical tools. Data presentation The researcher will present the data collected from the secondary sources in a coherent and easily understandable manner (Crouch and Pearce, 2012). Anticipative Data From the study, the researcher will be able to carry out the identification of the factors responsible for low motivation and morale of the employees even after high turnover of the company. From the study conducted the employee can suggest ways for increasing employee motivation level and moral. Time Plan The detail of the timetable is provided in the (Appendix 1) in the form of a Gantt chart. Conclusion: The researcher will be able to highlight the factors which are responsible for low employee turnover at Mc Donald. The earlier study on the topic provides information on the strategies that help in the increasing the motivation level of the employees working in the industry. This research will recommend ways for increasing employee turnover. References Crouch, C. and Pearce, J. (2012) Doing Research in Design - Page 68, 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Hancock, J. I., Allen, D. G., Bosco, F. A., McDaniel, K. R., and Pierce, C. A. (2013). Meta-analytic review of employee turnover as a predictor of firm performance.Journal of Management,39(3), 573-603. Hausknecht, J. P., and Holwerda, J. A. (2013). When does employee turnover matter? Dynamic member configurations, productive capacity, and collective performance.Organization Science,24(1), 210-225. Hesse-Biber, S. N (2011) Mixed Methods Research: Merging Theory With Practice, 3ed ed. New York: Guilford Publications Hom, P. W., Mitchell, T. R., Lee, T. W., and Griffeth, R. W. (2012). Reviewing employee turnover: focusing on proximal withdrawal states and an expanded criterion.Psychological bulletin,138(5), 831. Jensen, J. M., Patel, P. C., and Messersmith, J. G. (2013). High-Performance Work Systems and Job Control Consequences for Anxiety, Role Overload, and Turnover Intentions.Journal of Management,39(6), 1699-1724. Jiang, K., Lepak, D. P., Han, K., Hong, Y., Kim, A., and Winkler, A. L. (2012). Clarifying the construct of human resource systems: Relating human resource management to employee performance.Human Resource Management Review,22(2), 73-85. Kehoe, R. R., and Wright, P. M. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of Management,39(2), 366-391. Ketchen, D. and Bergh, D. (2011). Research methodology in strategy and management. Amsterdam: Elsevier Kim, S. (2012). The impact of human resource management on employee turnover intentions. Personnel Management,41(2), 257-279 Marescaux, E., De Winne, S., and Sels, L. (2012). HR practices and HRM outcomes: The role of basic need satisfaction.Personnel Review,42(1), 4-27 Mohr, D. C., Young, G. J., and Burgess Jr, J. F. (2012). Employee turnover and operational performance: the moderating effect of groupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ oriented organisational culture.Human Resource Management Journal,22(2), 216-233. Park, T. Y., and Shaw, J. D. (2013). Turnover rates and organizational performance: A meta-analysis.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(2), 268. Peretz, H., and Fried, Y. (2012). National cultures, performance appraisal practices, and organizational absenteeism and turnover: a study across 21 countries.Journal of Applied Psychology,97(2), 448. Posthuma, R. A., Campion, M. C., Masimova, M., and Campion, M. A. (2013). A high performance work practices taxonomy integrating the literature and directing future research.Journal of Management, 0149206313478184 Tooksoon, H. M. P. (2011). Conceptual framework on the relationship between human resource management practices, job satisfaction, and turnover.Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies,2(2), 41-49.

How Does Gatsby Represent the American Dream Essay Sample free essay sample

Although â€Å"The Great Gatsby† is filled with multiple subjects such as love. money. order. world. semblance and immorality. no 1 would likely deny that the predominate one focuses on the American Dream and the ruin of those who attempt to make its illusional ends. The effort to capture the American Dream is the cardinal of this novel. This can be explained by how Gatsby came to acquire his luck. By analyzing the procedure of how Gatsby tried to accomplish his ain alleged American Dream. we could hold a better apprehension of what American dream is all approximately. in those earthy Americans’ point of position. The word picture of Gatsby is a representative figure among Americans as he devoted his whole life to accomplish his dream. However. pitiably he failed to do it came true at the terminal. merely like most of the Americans. who misunderstood what the existent significance of American Dream is. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Gatsby Represent the American Dream? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page did. The Great Gatsby. written by Scott Fittzgerald. is a portraiture of the atrophy of American Dream. The American Dream promises prosperity and self-realization as wagess for difficult work and autonomy. A merchandise of the frontier and the West. the American Dream challenges people to hold dreams and strive to do them existent. Historically. the dream represents the image of believing in the goodness nature. However. the American Dream can be interpreted in many different ways. While some may endeavor for religious goodness and excellence. other take the dream to stand for strictly mercenary values. which the bulk perceive at that clip. This is besides the instance of Jay Gatsby. We will subsequently detect such a mercenary reading of the American Dream is the chief cause of Gatsby’s ruin. Gatsby himself so is a complex symbol of the corruptness of the American Dream. He is a romantic dreamer who seeks to carry through his life by gaining his wealth as a mobster. Gatsby does non alter much in the class of the novel because his whole life is devoted to the fulfilment of a romantic dream created that is inconsistent with the worlds of society. At a really early age Gatsby vowed to love and to get married Daisy. His deficiency of wealth led Daisy into the weaponries of another more comfortable adult male. Tom. Gatsby believed that he could win Daisy back with money. and that he could acquire the life she wanted if he is willing to pay for it. . He wanted to make off with clip in order to kill the old ages Tom and Daisy had together. Gatsby wanted to reiterate the yesteryear. â€Å"I’m traveling to repair everything merely the manner it was earlier. She’ll see. . . † ( p. 110 ) Gatsby’s romantic neglect for world changes the American Dream with his dream that love can be recaptured if one can do adequate money. The corruptness of Gatsby’s dream by following philistinism as its agencies and love. beauty and young person as its end is due to the corruptness of the American Dream. Another illustration of the corrupt American Dream is the car. a authoritative symbol of material wealth in America at that clip. Gatsby owns a singular car whose visual aspect is envied by many. â€Å"It was a rich pick colour. bright with Ni. swollen here and at that place in its monstrous length with exultant hat-boxes and super-boxes and tool-boxes. and terraced with a maze of wind-shields that mirrored a twelve suns† ( p. 64 ) Gatsby’s auto in an grandiloquent point created by wealth to carry through the American Dream of personal stuff success. It is. nevertheless. Gatsby’s auto that kills Myrtle Wilson when Daisy runs her over. This indirectly leads to Gatsby’s ain decease and portrays Fitzgerald’s subject that establishing the Dream on philistinism entirely is undoubtedly destructive. Fitzgerald presents clearly that a life based on philistinism entirely is a corruptness instead than a fulfilment of the American Dream. Gatsby’s devastation shows that those who try to keep a life style based strictly on mercenary values are doomed by their self-delusion. Thus. by analysing Fitzgerald’s presentation. Gatsby’s dream. the fresh suggests. is besides that of America. with its accent on the built-in goodness within nature. on healthy life. young person. verve. love affair. a dream of the East which has been dreamed up in the West. In this sense the novel becomes assorted things. an geographic expedition of the American Dream. or possibly a barbarian unfavorable judgment of that dream. Gatsby. lured on by Daisy. who is no more than a symbol for him. pursues the Green Light. the dream of advancement and stuff ownerships. and is finally destroyed. Gatsby’s personal dream symbolizes the larger American Dream where all have the chance to acquire what they want. For Gatsby. his American Deam is non material ownerships in fact. although it may look that manner. He merely comes into wealths so that he can carry through his true American Dream. Daisy. Gatsby does non rest until his American Dream is eventually fulfilled. However. it neer comes approximately and he ends up paying the ultimate monetary value for it. In the Great Gatsby. the thought of the American Dream still holds true. One thing neer changes about the American Dream which is everyone desires something in life and everyone somehow strives to acquire it. Gatsby is a premier illustration of prosecuting the American Dream. Fitzgerald uses his characters to demo how wealth and the hollowness of the upper category create a false American Dream that misleads people. The Great Gytsby remarks on how society viewed wealth in the 1920s and provides insight into how the American Dream was being revealed for what it genuinely was. a prevarication. His novel besides remarks on human society and how many people look to wealth to supply them with felicity. These constructs still use today. Most people in our society now look to hold a higher instruction and acquire a better occupation that pays a higher wage. Though it is different than what the American Dream was about a century ago. the cardinal thoughts are still at that place. Many people now end up in a calling that they are highly unhappy with but take to remain with that occupation because of the high wage. In this sense. money can once more. non purchase felicity but that does non halt people from believing that it will. Possibly a new American Dream is be ing fabricated right now. As our economic system continues to fall. many people of the new coevals aspire to do a calling out of high paying service occupations. in hopes of supplying themselves with a better life. The unfavorable judgments and constructs presented in Fitzgerald’s narratives may or may non assist maneuver society in the right way this clip around.

buy custom Power and Violence of the Roman Empire essay

buy custom Power and Violence of the Roman Empire essay The fall of the Roman Empire was caused by different contradictions in the spheres of economical, political, and social life. The film casted in 1964 The fall of the Roman Empire depicts the reasons that caused the crash of the country and characterizes its leader. Dissolution of Rome was a result of inefficient political power and succession in the empire. It began with a wise, diplomatic emperor Marcus Aurelis who called various leaders and representatives of many nations that existed in the empire. Marcus was famous for a policy of the securing peace and prosperity among the nations. His adopted son Livius became an heir and successor. Marcus son Commodus got devastated by his fathers intention to make Livius his heir. However, Livius did not want to divide the power despite Marcus daughter efforts to convince him to claim the throne. Commodus became the Emperor after Marcus had been poisoned by conspirators. Commodus appointed Livius as a commander of all Roman armies. Commodus reigned in opposition to Marcus policy of assuring peace and freedom. That resulted to rebellion and defection within and outside the Roman borders. Commodus, declaring himself a God, killed anyone who represented a threat to him. The violence of the Emperor was one of the reasons that ruined Rome. Commodus considered his sister Lucilla being an enemy and declared, to burn her. The Emperor treated the eastern provinces and Armeniaaggressively that made him find support from Livius who was the commander of the Roman army. He demanded brutal retribution against rebellions, but Livius was against those actions as well as to kill his sister. Li vius intervened by slaying Commodus. This brave deed saved Lucilla as well as tried to stabilize the disintegrated empire. The film Henry V reflects the life of a young king of England. His first steps of running the country started with the war to France. King Henry assembled an army to invade France. The war proved Henry to be a strong king who had a moral conviction as a man. French army exceedingly outnumbered the British troops. Henry won the battle of Agincourt struggling aggressively. In preparation for the great battle of Agincourt, the king encouraged his troops with an aim to exacebrate mens spirit and give them confidence. King Henry ran the country successfully due to his administrative skills. Henrys policy, comparing to the manner of governing by the Roman Emperor, was not built on the base of violence. King Henry paid attention to the social life of the people and role of religion in Britain. The governors of the Roman Empire and England were the persons of principled moral conviction. Henry V was portrayed as a successful leader of his country. Commodus was depicted more aggressive and stronger. Both the leaders never gave up in their batttles. Their self drive, inner turmoil, and confidence led them to victory. The film portrayed the victory of Livius who killed Commodus and saved Lucilla. King Henry won the battle against France despite plural advantages of the French. The leaders had advisors and supporters during their battles. Livius got encouraged and supported by Lucilla who played a vital role. King Henry was advised and convinced by Bishop of Ely and Archbishop of Canterbury that helped him to plan the war with the king of France. In addition, the church clergymen, Henrys advisors, Exeter and Westmoreland told him that they believed war was the only way to obtain his claim. Commodus and Henry used different methods to gain victory in the war. Commodus bribed senators and the army to go against the rebels, and he forced them to fight for him. King Henry commanded his captain to assemble an army that would later invade France. The governors combined the approaches of appealing violence and peaceful strategy. For instance, the Roman emperor, Marcus let his daughter get married with the King of Armenia which was a way of enhancing peace between him and Rome. Livius and Henry did not believe in war. It was the circumstances of repeated insults that triggered them enter into the war. King Charles son insulted King Henry. Later, Charles mocked at Henry. Commodus had declared to kill Lucilla, and his decision made Livius slay him. Buy custom Power and Violence of the Roman Empire essay

Gender Discrimination in Korea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gender Discrimination in Korea - Essay Example A United Nations report estimates that between 30 and 50 percent of all households in Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America depend on a woman as their main provider. In addition, even in the more developed lands, an increasing number of women have had to become the main provider. This notion of gender discrimination is driven by the social development theories that explain the truth behind the existence of the capitalist idealism wherein people are more focused in gaining profit than that of providing respect to the ones that are due of the said recognition. (Peet, 1995) Rural poverty throughout much of the developing world is accelerating this trend. A husband who finds it a constant struggle to feed his family may decide to move to a nearby city or even another country to obtain work. He leaves his wife behind to care for the family. If he is fortunate enough to find a job, he sends paychecks home. But despite his good intentions, this often does not continue (Eiu-young, 1987). But difficult as it is, putting food on the table is not the only challenge women face. Why the sudden change on the role of women being at home Why the sudden direction of seeing women to becoming an epitome of a capitalist society that is better focused on the profits they are to gain than that of the morals that they are better able to establish to set a society that is able to withstand the changes of development that the modern human community itself undergoes at present. Through the theory of global capitalism, the growing difference on the gender status known to the human society and the changes happening to the status of women in connection with the recognition that they are receiving from the people of whom they are dealing with in the society that they are living in. (Peet, 1995) In Korea, this gender discrimination is indeed prevalent in the society. Moreover, this view of women has been strongly advertised through the use of media and continuous social display of discriminating attitudes. In fact, there is an implicit culture in the said country that the beautiful appearance and the physical attractiveness in women are essential stepping-stones for success. This culture really places women as a weaker gender having been able to do nothing without the existence of beauty. It is as if the talents and the considerably fine attributes of women are taken in no regard compared to their beauty. In this regard, the researcher aims to further study the issue on women discrimination existing in Korea through the use of survey. By basing the opinions of the people on how they comprehend on the theme sent out by the movie "Vanity Fair" after having them watch the said film. As said earlier, through this experimentation, the researcher hopes to evaluate the real impact of media in the society with regards to the issue of inequality, thus being able to formulate possible solutions to the said social plague. The Issues The theory of Marxian conception on the material conception of life has been the basic source of understanding used by the researcher of this paper in an aim of creating

Exploring the international Business environment Essay

Exploring the international Business environment - Essay Example Scenario planning was first implemented in military intelligence and military strategy studies. Scenario planning involves identifying trends and analyzing their predicted ramifications. Scenario planning helps organizations in implementing strategic investment, regulating hiring strategies and conducting capital planning. Organizations are able to execute scenario-based approaches to planning thereby developing credible solutions to potential challenges (Friedman, 2014). Scenario planning also helps firms to assess potential outcomes before implementation. Scenario planning is also beneficial in categorizing plans according to their short-term or long term feasibility. The paper will examine the demographic and religious forecast of Tajikistan until the year 2030 and the implications on Asian Development Bank’s strategic plan for Central and West Asian developing member countries. The Republic of Tajikistan is an autonomous country located in Central Asia. The country’s administrative, legislative and financial capital is Dushanbe. The country is bordered by Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, and China. Up until September 1991 when the country gained independence, Tajikistan was part of the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics. At 143,100 square kilometres, the country is the smallest nation in Central Asia (CIA, 2015). Tajikistan is landlocked and very mountainous. The country is divided into four provinces: one capital province, one autonomous province and two other provinces. The head of state is the president while the government is led by a prime minister. The Tajikistani legislature comprises of a national assembly and an assembly of representatives. The judiciary implements a civil law system (CIA, 2015). Tajikistan is classified as the poorest country in Central Asia and among former Soviet states. The country’s slow economic growth is attributed to the high levels of corruption, poor governance, political unrest, economic

Investigation Of Kinetic And Kinematic Parameters Physical Education Essay

Investigation Of Kinetic And Kinematic Parameters Physical Education Essay This study reviewing the biomechanical effects of the orthosis on human gait pattern and a specific type of ankle foot orthosis (AFO) with rocker bottom was used for the pilot study. Walking gait cycle background theory and related terms definition is explained as the introduction. A complete review on AFO functionality and efficacy on gait correction via laboratory testing is done. The review is mainly expressed from biomechanics approach with the use of kinematics and kinetic knowledge. From the reviewed process, it is no doubt to clarify that AFO enable to prevent and correct pathological gait for better improvement. Motion analysis technique using camera based system to conduct laboratory experiment on human gait is studied too. A sequence of procedures is design for further study, which consist of subject acquirement, rocker AFO fabrication, customization, laboratory experiment testing using Vicon motion analysis system, data collection and analyse. Besides, pilot studys results are included in result and discussion. A healthy woman was used as the subject in the pilot study who undergo 2 types of walking, which are walked barefoot and with AFO condition. As conclusion, the review provides evidence that the influence of AFO in altering human walking gait is significant and further study is necessary to be proceeded for better describe AFO functionality. Acknowledgement The first thank goes to Prof. Dr. Ir. Wan Abu Bakar Wan Abas, my supervisor for this graduation project. His willingness and patient in teaching and guide me either to accomplish the tasks or when I facing problems during the time, were indeed appreciated. My grateful thank goes to Dr Noor Azuan Abu Osman with his enthusiasm of sharing valuable knowledge and all kind of challenges gave by him, were definitely brought me chances to work as an professional biomedical engineer. I express much gratitude to Miss Arezoo Eshraghi too, for her guidance and assistance brought to the smoothness of my thesis study. Nevertheless, I would like to thank for all the hard work done by my faculty, especially to the Coordinator for the Graduation Project, Dr.Belinda Murphy, assistant for the project Miss Khairunnisa Hasikin and all the stuff of Biomedical Engineering Department. Table of Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Symbols and Abbreviations AFO Ankle Foot Orthosis IC Initial contact LR Loading Response MST Mid Stance TST Terminal Stance TO Toe Off ISW Initial Swing MSW Mid Swing TSW Terminal Swing DF Dorsiflexion PF Plantarflexion KF Knee Flexion KE Knee Extension HF Hip Flexion HE Hip Extension PTB Patellar Tendon Bearing ToA Types of AFO CGC Control Group Condition Introduction Human locomotion defined as movement from one place to another and a numbers of ways could be done to achieve it, walking, use of a bicycle, wheelchair are examples of locomotion (Smidt, 1990). In this study, walking gait is the targeted locomotion. Walking is a cyclic movement interlaced between left and right foot with at least one foot being contact with the ground at all times in a certain periodic pattern (Ounpuu, 1995). A systemic analysis and parameter is required to evaluate walking gait effectively and biomechanics knowledge has been introduced to solve for this. It is a brand new term developed around the year of 1970s which integrating engineering mechanics knowledge into biological system. Biomechanics is actually applied in gait analysis by the ancient scientists few centuries ago (Martin, 1999). Biomechanics study on the gait analysis has been started since the year of 1680 by Aristotle on the gait of animals and in the year of 1890, Christian Wilhelm Braune an anatomist and Otto Fischer were started investigating human gait from biomechanics aspects (Martin, 1999). Scientists enthusiasm toward human gait analysis never shelved, it continue evolutes until today. At present, biomechanics investigation in gait analysis is able to provide profusion information for clinical practitioner to assess patient locomotion effectively. For instances, a pathology gait pattern by patient can be visualized by measuring biomechanical parameters, step length, length, joint angles, forces and etcetera. To evaluate how well the treatment improves patient ambulatory level, biomechanics knowledge applied too. Main interest of this study is not only focus on human walking gait, but also to investigate the manner orthotics alters its users gait pattern from biomechanics aspect. Orthosis is a medical appliance major used in orthopedics field for the purpose to support, alter, and align injured body segments involve in body movement (Edelstein Bruckner, 2001). In this study, the ankle foot orthosis (AFO) with additional rocker sole is chose as the orthosis in this study. Figure 1.1(a) shown a solid AFO and (b) rocker bottom. Figure 1. Solid AFO Rocker AFO is a kind of treatment apply to diabetic patient who has plantar foot ulceration risk and with ankle joint mobility difficulty. From statistical analysis from University Malaya Medical Centre Diabetic Foot Clinics, plantar foot wound treatments on diabetic patient possess the highest number of among other kind of treatment and also footwear is the highest treatment modality among others in 2008 and 2009. This statement has support and encourages the necessity to carry out this study as number of diabetic patient is increase gradually every year. AFO is worn on lower extremity and around foot to support and correct ankle position. Patient having diabetes, experienced bones segment fracture, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, tendon dysfunction and limb disorder patient who ankle failed to support their body weight while walking are commonly suggested by orthotist to use an AFO to improve gait routine and to minimise further injury risk (Edelstein Bruckner, 2001). Besides that, rocker sole is a creature use to reduce pressure on the forefoot and use to transmit pressure from high pressure to low pressure area meanwhile off loading the pressure exerted to risky area (Albright Woodhull-Smith, 2009). To be relative to orthosis definition, an AFO with rocker sole should not bring more burdens to patient in increase energy demand or cause any long term side effects. Consequently, investigating AFO biomechanical performance in aiding and influencing wearer locomotion therefore becomes an important study. Three dimensional (3D) gait analysis systems are laboratory equipment involve the use of reflective markers that placed on subjects interest body segments as the landmarks (Davis, Deluca, Ounpuu, 2000). It has been use widely in clinical gait analysis services and research. The video camera based system employ 2 to 7 infrared cameras allocated on the measurement volume to record subject motion or markers trajectories in precise as shown in Figure 1.2 (a) (b). The entire system applies stereophotogrammetric techniques to produce each markers 3D coordinates from the two dimensional (2D) images capture by each of the camera (Davis, et al., 2000). This 3D system digitized subject movement in real time into frames depending on sampling rate set. The frame to frame analysis provides better motion visualization and subsequently from the 3D images generated it makes the possibility to compute a more complete description towards the dynamic gait in terms of biomechanical parameters. Kinemat ic, kinetic, and temporal parameters or some other dynamic gait variables are able to be obtained from this system. During the entire study, Vicon Nexus 1.4 motion analysis system is employ to record and examine subjects walking gait pattern. Kinematic and kinetic parameters are extracting to further illustrate rocker AFO effects on its user gait pattern. Figure 1.2(c) presented a monkey hooping frame image capture using 3D motion analysis systems. http://rehablab.creighton.edu/share/sharedfiles/UserFiles/image/Camera1.jpghttp://www.med.nyu.edu/rehabengineering/images/vicon8cameras.jpg (b) (c) Figure 1. (a) Infrared Camera (b) Overview of Motion Analysis Laboratory (c) Frame Images Capture from Infrared Camera 1.1 Theory Walking gait Normal one complete gait cycle consists of stance phase and swing phase in a proportion of 60% and 40%, respectively. A normal adult will spent approximately 60% of total gait duration for heel strike to toe off (stance phase) and 40% for initial swing to terminal swing (swing phase). Stance phase is the event when foot touch on ground and body passes over the top of it whereas swing phase is when the same foot moves forwards in the air. Figure 1. Stance and Swing Phase Propotion. Stance phase is defined from initial contact, loading response, mid stance and terminal stance (toe off). Swing phase is defined from the instance toe off, initial swing, mid swing and terminal swing (Ounpuu, 1995). Figure 1.4 illustrates the phases of the gait cycle shown with the corresponding position for sagittal plane motion. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/picrender.fcgi?book=physmedrehabpart=A8414blobname=ch6f6-2.jpg Figure 1. Gait cycle phases (Carson, M.D. 1995) Stance phase Initial contact(IC) (0% of the gait cycle), it occur when foot contact to ground. Loading response (LR) (0-10% of the gait cycle), during this stage, shock absorption occurred with stability remain and body more forwarded. This is the first double support happened. Mid stance (MST) (10%-30% of the gait cycle), the first single leg support instance, purpose of this phase is to advance body over the stance phase limb while stability is maintained. Terminal stance (TST) (30%-50% of gait cycle), or sometimes called toe off(TF) single support ended when the sound limb contact with floor and in this phase, body still being advanced through the stance foot through the forward fall of the trunk. Toe off (TO) (60% of the gait cycle), when foots toes are about to leave floor. Swing Phase Initial Swing (ISW) (60%-73% of the gait cycle), second single support phase and begins when the foot leaves the ground until it passes opposite the stance limb. Mid swing (MSW) (73%-87%), continue advance the swing limb while providing clearance of stance foot. Terminal swing (TSW) (87%-100%), swing leg already in preparation for the next stance phase. In order for a person to walk normally, the locomotor system must fulfill four requirements. Firstly, stability of foot is essential to ensure each foot capable to withstand body weight with no collapsing. Secondly, during single leg support in stance phase, balance shall sustain for that particular period. Thirdly, swinging leg must be able to move in a sequence reaching the position where it can take over the supporting leg. Lastly, locomotor system must provided substantial power to induce limb movements and to advance the body (Whittle, 1993). Pathological gait produce abnormal walking patterns when it fails to obey any of the four requirements stated above. It can be indentified obviously by visual or using appropriate clinical gait analysis method. This abnormal gait maybe performed unintended by the subject due to the weakness, spasticity or deformity occurred onto them. Besides, sometimes the abnormal gait is also consequences of the compensatory motion by some other problem. Any abnormal gait should be corrected using an orthotics or braces in order to minimize overload harms on muscles, joints and bones. Kinematic and kinetics of human gait The terms kinematic and kinetics are branches of biomechanics, which are commonly employed in gait assessment. Kinematic describing a body movement without considering its causes for example forces and torque. Camera is a example of kinematic equipment which only used to observe limbs movement without but without providing information of force involved (Whittle, 1993). Meanwhile, kinetic is more in explaining the body motion with it causes like mass and forces exert onto the system. Moment, force, mass, and acceleration are the examples which usually utilize the kinetic of the systems. Example of kinematic equipment in gait analysis is force plate, which measure force exerted by foot but without the position and angle of the leg segment (Whittle, 1993). Kinematic of human gait: Angle Pelvis, hip, knee and ankle angle are the common kinematic parameters used in gait analysis. Each anatomical angle can be observed from sagittal, coronal and transverse plane. During normal gait, most of the motion occurred in sagittal plane meanwhile coronal and transverse plane have greater motion in pathological gait(Ounpuu, 1995). Table 1.1 is a summary on the each segment movement with respect to gait cycles phases. Table 1. Summary of the Major components of gait with respect to the phase of the gait cycle. Phase Joint Movement Ankle Knee IC Neutral Position Fully KE LR PF KF MST DF KE TST DF KE TF PF KF ISW Peak PF then DF rapidly KF rapidly to peak MSW Peak DF Start with peak KF and KE rapidly TSW PF KE PlantarFlexion(PF), DorsiFlexion(DF), Knee Flexion(KF), Knee Extension(KE), Hip Flexion(HF) and Hip Extension (HE) Kinetics of human gait: Ground reaction forces When a person is walking, forces will apply toward ground on each step taken. According to Newtons Third Law, a force will generate that is equal magnitude but in the opposite direction to the force applied by the foot, and it is called ground reaction forces. The vertical component of ground reaction forces is raise from heel strike and shot 112% of body weight during 25% of gait. At the mean time, the opposite leg propels the centre of gravity upward and thus vertical force descends to around 80% of body weight. At the instance of heel off, centre of gravity start to move downward therefore vertical forces raise again to around 115% of body weight at almost 80% of stance phase. Vertical forces descend greatly right after the peak vertical forces as the foot is propel to swing phase. Figure 1.5 shown the overview of vertical forces exert on the stance leg. Figure 1. Ground reaction forces Literature Review Types of AFO AFO is categorized into many types depending on its functionality, design approach and usages. AFOs are generally classified into five main branches: rigid AFOs, hinged AFOs, Patellar Tendon Bearing (PTB) AFOs, posterior leaf spring AFOs and ground reaction AFOs. Each AFOs functionality will be discussed in detail later. Table 2. Summary on Types of AFO and description (Edelstein Bruckner, 2001) Types of AFO Features Solid AFOSolid ankle-foot orthosis (AFO), Plastazote-lined (Photo courtesy of Hersco Orthotic Labs.) Trimmed anterior to malleoli surrounds ankle. Restrict ankle motion without allows any plantarflexion. During loading response, maintain a rigid foot and ankle alignment Hinged AFOhttp://www.appliedbiomechanics.com/Home/Home/Hinged_AFO.gif Add mechanical joint around ankle to permit motion. Degrees of motion are determined by the joint design. Allow dorsiflexion and plantar flexion without restriction. PTB AFOhttp://www.capstoneorthopedic.com/Orthoservicespages/afo/afo_clip_image018.png Cast until patella area as to transfer weight from plantar foot to patella tendon Responsible for off loading effect. Posterior Leaf Spring AFOhttp://www.neuromuscular-orthotics.com.au/images/PLS%20AFO.jpg Trimmed posterior to malleoli, allow plastic to recoil Function as a spring during swing phase off loaded, allow plantar flexion. Ankle motion is permitted by deformation and recoil of the plastic strip. Gait analysis method Reliability of the result obtained from motion analysis is mainly relay on the markers placement (Ferrari, et al., 2008; A. Leardini Benedetti, 1999). Therefore, marker positioning is depending strongly to the objective of the research or study. The inconsistency of marker placement is generally a crucial factor contribute to the data variation because each marker represent different body landmark respectively too. A full body marker set is often applying to investigate whole body posture and gait. A total of 60 markers with 22 on each leg, 5 on pelvis and 11 on trunk are consider as a complete marker set. It has been applied to evaluate treatment gait pattern correction or diseases caused pathological gait for example cerebral palsy and diabetic patient (Radtka, Skinner, Elise Johanson, 2005; Sawacha, et al., 2009). Only lower limb markers set were use more often in gait motion analysis (Abel Juhl, 1998; Fatone, Gard, Malas, 2009; Alberto Leardini, et al., 2007; Yokoyama Sashik a, 2005). There also few study make their focus on gait assessment on AFO user which only applied reflective marker on lower limb as anatomic landmarks for the whole experiment (Abel Juhl, 1998; Fatone, et al., 2009). When come across with gait analysis, researchers putting more interest on the lower limbs kinetic and kinematic parameters rather than upper limb because the locomotion trajectories occurred mainly in leg segments. In analyzing treatment effect for a particular illness or disease, control group or control variable present to serve a better comparison to the tested result. While evaluating the relation of orthosis treatment and gait assessment caused by it, subject under barefoot condition sometimes appeared as the control variable (Abel Juhl, 1998; Lam, Leong, Li, Hu, Lu, 2005; Romkes Brunner, 2002). However, in some cases, barefoot control does not provide a comparable opportunity and it is not practical as in real life subjects usually walk with foot wear. Besides, as of experimental approach, it has shown that subjects walking with footwear is more relative to evaluate AFO efficacy with contrast to barefoot ((Radtka, et al., 2005)Churchill et al., 2003; Radtka et al., 2005). Two reviewed articles obtained result with subject walking while wore footwear alone (Bleyenheuft Hanson, 2010; Fatone, et al., 2009). There is one of the article used able bodied subject with footwear alone to acqui re control variables (Fatone et al., 2009). Either way of choosing control group is proportion to the research behavior and objectives. Therefore, appropriate consideration should be taken while designing a research methodology. Gait analysis parameters In general, AFO is use as prevention of foot deformity, limit joint movement, position and provide stability. The effect of AFO in serving all these functionality is been studied via various method from simple to more sophisticated gait analysis technique. Majority of the reviewed papers adopted video-camera based system to collect and record data. (Abel Juhl, 1998; Fatone, et al., 2009; Lam, et al., 2005; Radtka, et al., 2005; Romkes Brunner, 2002; Yokoyama Sashika, 2005). Kinematic and temperal parameters are the two common results obtained from ambulation analysis. Temperal parameter Cadance Cadence, defined as number of steps taken in a given period and its unit is steps over minute. In gait analysis, cadence becomes a popular parameter to evaluate AFO efficacy. Researches which have examined subjects gait with dynamic AFO and without dynamic AFO proved that cadence is one variable altered by the manipulation on AFO (Lam, et al., 2004; Romkes et al., 2001; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007). Lam and Romkes studies have shown a decrease of cadence while subject walked with dynamic AFO compare to walk with barefoot. However, in Bleyenheuft study, changes of cadence value are less significant compare to others. In hinged AFO, two papers reported a increase on cadence compare to barefoot ( Romkes et al., 2001; Tyson et al., 1998) and one shown decrease effect (Radtka et al., 2004). Four reviewed papers tested subjects walked with solid AFO reported decrease of cadence compare to without solid AFO (Abel et al., 1998; Radtka et al., 2004; Lam et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007). C adence in a new design AFO which use oil damper resistance to restrict ankle movement also reported a decrease phenomenon on subjects walking gait with against barefoot trials. Dynamic AFO reported to have higher cadence compare to solid AFO in Lam, 2004 and Bleyenheuft, 2007 studies. Meanwhile, between hinged AFO and dynamic AFO, hinged types AFO having higher cadence value ( Romkes et al., 2001). By reviewing this, an instance conclusion can be making that hinged AFO provide a high cadence. Resultant cadence variation is likely due to the design of types of the AFO. Manipulate ankle movement degree certainly influence entire locomotion trajectories, consequently cadence are involved. Velocity Velocity is a resultant product of stride length time cadence. Any changes of these two variables may vary walking velocity. Solid AFO, dynamic AFO, and hinged AFO were all result higher velocities and stride length compare to the condition without AFO on tested walking trials (Abel et al., 1998; Lam et al., 2004; Radtka et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007; Romkes et al., 2001; Fatone et al., 2009). However, a less significant increase observed while analyzes hinged AFO and solid AFO toward barefoot condition in Fatone, 2009 and Lam, 2004 researches, respectively. From these two cases, a common observation found between them is the insignificant of stride lengths alterations. Kinematic of Gait Analysis DF at IC (Stance Phase) Currently, AFO are design to restrict exceed ankle PF, simultaneously improve pre-positioning of the foot during IC f gait cycle. However, DF ability of AFO is strictly relying on the design and trimming pattern of particular AFO (Yokoyama et al., 2005). All types of AFO being study in this section have shown reasonable increase of DF angle compare to barefoot or without AFO condition (Abel et al., 1998; Lam et al., 2004; Radtka et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007; Romkes et al., 2001; Fatone et al., 2009; Yokoyama et al., 2005). This outcome is consistent with the basic functionality and characteristic of AFOs. For hinged and dynamic types, both allows free ankle DF during stance and meanwhile limit PF (Romkes et al., 2001). From review, subjects wore dynamic AFO have noticeable better DF than solid AFO and barefoot (Lam et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al, 2007). KF during IC (Stance phase) Knee fully extends just before heel contact and this is named as stance phase flexion. Patient walked with dynamic AFO showed significant increased in KF during initial stance compare to barefoot and there was less significant compared to solid type AFO (Lam et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007). Nevertheless, a slightly decreased on KF during initial contact is observed too. Both dynamic and hinged AFO shown little attenuate of KF angle compare to barefoot in Romkes, 2001 studies. In Radtka, 2005 research, the abnormal KF during barefoot walking remained although subject walk with hinged and solid AFO and this is consistent with Rethlefsen, 1999 findings. PF during TST (stance Phase) At the instance stance foot leave ground and preparing for swinging, plantar foot is flex as to push off body forwarded. Hinged AFO have impressed decreasing of PF during terminal stance if compare to walked with barefoot ( Radtka et al., 2005; Romkes et al., 2001). In Romkes, 2001 study, it revealed that hinged AFO has better push off effect compare to dynamic AFO according to their flexing ability. Besides that, in Radtka 2005s study, researchers concluded hinged AFO has better rocker effect as to proceed swing phase compared to solid AFO. DF during MSW (Swing Phase) DF is necessary to prevent foot drop as to provide toe clearance for patient to have better gait performance. In all the reviewed papers, DF were all increased during MSW (Abel et al., 1998; Lam et al., 2004; Radtka et al., 2004; Bleyenheuft et al., 2007; Romkes et al., 2001; Fatone et al., 2009; Yokoyama et al., 2005). Table 2. Summary on Variables Comparison of Types of AFO (ToA) with respect to Control Group Condition (CGC) Author, Year ToA CGC Variables comparison on ToA with respect to CGC Cadence Velocity DF at IC KF at IC PF at TST Abel et al., 1998 Fixed AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Increase Blenyenheuft et al., 2007 Dynamic AFO Shoe only Not significant Increase Increase Increase prefabricated AFO Shoe only Decrease Increase Increase Decrease Fatone et al., 2009 Hinged AFO Shoe only Not significant Not significant Increase Increase Lam et al., 2004 Solid AFO Barefoot Decrease Not significant Increase Increase Decrease Dynamic AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Increase Decrease Radtka et al., 2004 Solid AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Decrease Hinged AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Not significant Decrease Romkes et al., 2001 Dynamic AFO Barefoot Decrease Increase Increase Decrease Decrease Hinged AFO Barefoot Increase Increase Increase Decrease Decrease Tyson, 1998 Hinged AFO Barefoot Increase Increase Increase Yokoyama et al., 2005 Oil damper resistance AFO Shoe only Increase Increase Increase Increase Decrease Kinetic of human gait: Ground reaction forces and Peak pressure High peak plantar pressure (PPP) on foot is significant in contributing ulceration and callus formation on diabetic patient (Caselli, 2002; Veyes, Murray, Buoulton, 1992). If PPP occurred on the same area for a repeated period it might associated with callus or skin break down on that particular area (Boulton AJ, 1993). Incidence of skin breakdown in the forefoot chance is higher compare to in rear foot (Mueller, Zou, Lott, 2005). It has been prove in few studies that metatarsal head is the most frequent areas having skin injury problem rather than at heel in diabetic patient (Caselli, 2002; Sinacore, 1996). By using rocker sole in diabetic subjects, reviewed papers shown a significant PPP reduction over the high pressure area especially over forefoot and rear foot area (Albright Woodhull-Smith, 2009; Brown Wertsch, 2004; Schaff Cavanagh, 1990). Rocker sole is designed in a way that to redistribute plantar pressure from a conventional pressure distribution to a newly designed pressure map(Brown Wertsch, 2004). Aims and Objectives Examine orthosis efficacy in walking gait is the foremost objective in this study. AFO is prescribing enable to make better alignment of foot on patient with pathological gait. A rocker bottom is claimed to serve better plantar pressure distribution and as treatment to avoid further foot deformity. Basic approach in this study is to investigate the effectiveness of rocker AFO in prevent and utilize better ambulation pattern on diabetic patient from abnormal walking mechanism. Joint mobility caused by rocker AFO believed serve a better gait pattern and harmless to the connected leg segment. Rocker effect on the AFO is tending to reduce ground reaction forces to AFO user foot. Biomechanics and engineering knowledge is applied for better description. To test this hypothesis the following key objectives were undertaken: To study and enhance better gait mechanism knowledge from engineering and medical approach. To quantify and compare joint mobility with and without rocker AFO using lower limb component motion range analysis. To observe the relationship between the rocker bottom to kinetic changing on patient gait. Methodology Introduction Method to conduct this study is structured into few stages from recruiting subjects to conclude the study objectives. In order to keep align with this study objectives, each procedure taken has to be design carefully to reduce the possibility of data confusion and the occurrence of technical errors. Mostly, methodology to investigate orthosis efficacy usually being categorized into subject acquirement, subject assessment, AFO fabrication, AFO customize process, gait analysis laboratory testing, data acquisition and data analyzing ( Fatone et al., 2009). Subject acquirement In this study, AFO with rocker bottom is fixed to be the interest orthosis to investigate for the entire process. From literature, an AFO rocker sole mostly applied for the purpose of offloading on diabetic patient, thus the targeted subject is diabetic patient who possess potential to occur ulceration at plantar foot (Zimmy et al., 2004; Albright et al., 2009). 5 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy are recruiting as the subjects. Subject should be free from any other physical abnormality, surgery or injury on the lower limb extremities. To be prior to their participation, informed concern was acquired from all the subjects. Equipment: AFO Fabrication Only unilateral study will be carry out which means rocker AFO will be only fabricate for either leg depends on the foot condition. Each participant will be customizing a rocker AFO which is unique with their ulceration area and foot sizes. Participants are evaluated barefoot and going through anthropometrical measurement on the affected leg by the orthotists. The AFO are custom molded by polypropylene and with a suggested 4.8 mm thick (Lam eta al., 2005). Neutral position of the AFO will be 90Â ° at foot shank ankle. Foot length of the AFO will extended distally under the toes end and trimmed along the mediolateral border of the foot. Upper part of the AFO will trimmed on posterior until about 2.5cm below fibula. Rocker sole apex has to be position according to subject pressure distribution. Usually subject affected areas are location with metatarsal and forefoot area. A consistent rocker sole design is purposed with the apex fall behind of the fifth metatarsal with an angle of 15à ‚ °. Figure 3.1 shown the rocker AFO suggested: Figure 3. Rocker AFO After rocker AFO finishing, subject request to test the fitness of the AFO. If the custom made rocker AFO raises any comfort ability issue, adjustment being done to fix it. Gait analysis laboratory testi

Essay on the Animal

Animal Farm Essay Prompts Respond to ONE of the following prompts in a five-paragraph essay. Your body paragraphs must follow the shaping sheet. 1. Read the passage from Chapter VII that begins with â€Å"’Comrades! ’† cried Squealer,’† and ends â€Å"’Snowball’s secret agents are lurking among us at this moment! ’† Then, in a well-developed and organized essay, analyze how Squealer uses various persuasive techniques to manipulate the animals. 2. Read the passage from Chapter IV that begins at the beginning of the chapter and ends with â€Å"hearing in it a prophecy of their future doom. Then, in a well-developed and organized essay, discuss how the author uses various stylistic devices and selection of detail to comment on both historical events and human nature. 3. Analyze how Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin and the working class are satirized through the characters in Animal Farm. 4. Describe how the abuse of power causes three negative effects upon the animals of Animal Farm. 5. Choose three events from the novel and argue that they are representative of events occurring in Russia during its revolution and the reign of Joseph Stalin.Consider the following. †¢ The Rebellion/the Russian Revolution †¢ The failure of the windmill/Stalin’s Five Year Plans †¢ Executions of pigs and chickens/Stalin’s Great Purge †¢ The Battle of the Windmill/Germany’s invasion of Russia †¢ Napoleon’s use of dogs/Stalin’s use of the secret police †¢ Cruel winters on the farm/Soviet famine of the 1920’s ***** You need to use your novel AND one historical source for numbers 3 & 5***** Animal Farm Essay PromptsRespond to ONE of the following prompts in a five-paragraph essay. Your body paragraphs must follow the shaping sheet. 6. Read the passage from Chapter VII that begins with â€Å"’Comrades! ’,† cried Squealer,’† and ends â€Å"‘Snowball’s secret agents are lurking among us at this moment! ’† Then, in a well-developed and organized essay, analyze how Squealer uses various persuasive techniques to manipulate the animals. 7. Read the passage from Chapter IV that begins at the beginning of the chapter and ends with â€Å"hearing in it a prophecy of their future doom. Then, in a well-developed and organized essay, discuss how the author uses various stylistic devices and selection of detail to comment on both historical events and human nature. 8. Analyze how Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin and the working class are satirized through the characters in Animal Farm. 9. Describe how the abuse of power causes three negative effects upon the animals of Animal Farm. 10. Choose three events from the novel and argue that they are representative of events occurring in Russia during its revolution and the reign of Joseph Stalin.Consider the following. †¢ The Rebellion/the Russian Revolution †¢ The failure of the windmill/Stalin’s Five Year Plans †¢ Executions of pigs and chickens/Stalin’s Great Purge †¢ The Battle of the Windmill/Germany’s invasion of Russia †¢ Napoleon’s use of dogs/Stalin’s use of the secret police †¢ Cruel winters on the farm/Soviet famine of the 1920’s ***** You need to use your novel AND one historical source for numbers 3 & 5*****

Case Study for Final Exam Essay

Green Cabs is an environmentally friendly taxi company in New Zealand which was founded in late 2007 by Callum Brown and three other partners. Green Cabs now operates a multi-million dollar business in three main centres of New Zealand – Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch. The company is also contemplating expanding into other areas with its distinctive bright green taxis. Callum Brown is the primary inspiration behind Green Cabs. However, you could argue that Al Gore provided the initial spark for Callum to start thinking about being more environmentally conscious personally. Callum is in his 30s and has spent 10 years working in information technology for various government departments and private sector companies as a business analyst. He grew up close to nature and enjoyed activities such as surfing and tramping. All these things kept Callum close to nature. Despite his love affair with nature, Callum was quite sceptical of climate change. He explains: I thought – how can you tell that there is global warming when we’ve only been taking recordings on temperature for the past whatever, how many years. Hence, it could be seen as fairly surprising that Callum founded a green business! This personal awakening was a direct result of watching Al Gore’s documentary, An Inconvenient Truth. Little did he know at this stage that a major business opportunity would come from his new environmental consciousness. The impetus for the business idea came when Callum was at work. He travelled extensively for work and consequently found himself catching a lot of taxis. It was on one such overnight trip to Auckland that he became aware of the huge amount of carbon emissions he was generating through travel. He elaborates: I sat there watching all the taxis come and drop people off and thought about the emissions and everything they were producing; there’s got to be a better way than this. Why is there no eco-friendly option and that was the light bulb moment, and saying, ah, why not? Following this light bulb moment, Callum contacted a former colleague who was  also a taxi driver. Together the pair set about establishing an environmentally conscious taxi service with two other partners. They struck the New Zealand taxi industry at what they called a lucky time. The government had just tightened legislation to make it consistent for all operators. The Land and Transport Authority was supportive and helpful in making sure everything the emerging Green Cabs did was in line with the new legislation. The Authority too was excited by what Green Cabs was hoping to achieve. Once started, Green Cabs experienced rapid growth and within six months had approximately 85 cabs and self-employed drivers and employed 15 support staff (mostly in its 24-hour call centre). Callum never had aspirations to become an entrepreneur, nor any experience in business ownership, but his extensive work background as a business analyst made him feel he was well equipped to investigate whether the Green Cabs idea would be successful. In fact, prior to coming up with the business idea Callum felt afraid of the risk involved in having his own business. However, once he had the idea, these risks vanished: I was so passionate about Green Cabs, once I had the idea, there were no perceivable risks for me. That was how strong the drive was to do it . . . It’s like I’ve never doubted for a moment that Green Cabs was going to succeed. It has. Any concerns Callum had about risk were dissipated when he took on a number of business partners to share the risk. These business partners all understood and were sympathetic to the worsening state of the environment and to Callum’s vision for the company. Callum’s vision resulted in a company which entered the taxi industry with the goal of achieving much more than a traditional taxi firm. Green Cabs wanted to force change, to preserve the environment and inform the public about climate change. This meant a whole new way of thinking about business and the principles of the business founders were intertwined with the business model. Green Cabs offers the same basic service as any other taxi company. The key difference is that it is an environmentally conscious company. The main means of the company being environmentally friendly is that its vehicles are hybrids (Toyota Prius). There are substantially fewer ongoing running costs in providing the service. Green Cabs passes these savings onto consumers and is therefore able to offer considerably lower prices than its competitors. It already is forcing change in the taxi industry with many competitors rapidly switching to hybrids  because they can see they will save on emissions a nd fuel costs. The difference between these competitors and Green Cabs is that those changing due to lower running costs do not necessarily have environmental concerns at the forefront of their decision making as does Green Cabs. Indeed, sceptics could argue that the competition is switching because it is losing market share to Green Cabs and is attempting to imitate the service. Therefore, Green Cabs has been successful in changing behaviour in the industry to being more environmentally friendly, but this has come at a cost to the business, as Callum explains: I have had such an impact on the market that I had planned, that they (competitors) are now switching. Now, from an environmental point of view, it’s fantastic that I could have that impact, but from a business point of view it’s not good. However, competitors are still failing to offset their carbon emissions whereas Green Cabs prides itself on being carbon neutral. To achieve this Green Cabs drives only the Toyota Prius, the car it considers to be the best option for lessening the impact on the environment. The remainder of its carbon emissions are ‘paid for’ by providing funding for trees to be planted (predominantly in the developing world). Green Cabs donates to ‘Trees for the Future’, an organisation that has already organised the planting of 50 million trees, which retrieve approximately a million tonnes of carbon from the atmosphere annually (www.greencabs.co.nz). Green Cabs also ‘pays off’ its carbon debt prior to its accrual. That is, it calculates its future carbon footprint (down to the number of squares of toilet paper used) for the next year and funds the planting of sufficient trees to offset this before it emits the carbon. Although this is one of the key environmental strategies Green Cabs carries out, it actually is sceptical of buying carbon credits. This is because this carbon strategy essentially dispatches the problem to someone else; it does not help reduce the carbon in the atmosphere. As such, Green Cabs aims to both reduce carbon and offset before it accumulates. The business model of Green Cabs is based on the premise that the customer has a greater connection with the product or service. By using Green Cabs customers will feel part of a greater commitment to the environment and they will choose Green Cabs product over the competitors. As Callum notes, the  business model is win-win for both consumers and the environment: It is cheaper, it’s eco-friendly, it’s quieter, you’ve got a pleasant driver, we do a whole lot of feel good stuff as well. Give me a reason why you wouldn’t take a Green Cab. Green Cabs target market is the corporate sector and government departments. However, they pay tribute to the ‘grassroots’ support they have received. This is from people who have seen what Green Cabs are doing and even if their company has no agreement with Green Cabs, when they take a taxi they want it to be a Green Cab. Callum has also noted that younger people are more environmentally aware and appreciate the choice they are being offered in Green Cabs. One future development is for Green Cabs to install roof signs on their vehicles to promote the environment. These will not be advertising signs for businesses but to say something individuals can do for the environment. Green Cabs intend to use advertising space on their vehicles to promote the environment, not fizzy drinks or the like! FINDING BALANCE BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENT AND PROFIT ‘For me anyway, it’s not just about turning a profit.’ – Callum Brown Finding a balance between profit and the environment can be a difficult one. To be successful in Callum’s view, you have to understand and have faith that doing things and sticking closely to the set of values that the company started with is what is going to bring success. Too much compromise for business then you will compromise the overall success of the business. The business might still be profitable but will not captivate the public into changing their behaviour regarding the environment. These environmental values are held firm by Green Cabs and are an underlying part of their distinctive business model. Callum elaborates: If we compromise on those values then that put us at risk of just being like any other taxi company out there and doesn’t set us apart. Following through on their commitment to the environment easy for Green Cabs and they suggest that other should look at the environment differently in their businesses. For example, Callum is frustrated by talk about how much it costs to offset carbon emissions. He suggests people fail to see that the whole process is a cost saving exercise. In becoming sustainable, businesses look at ways of reducing  electricity, travel and so forth. All of these areas can reduce a company’s carbon footprint while also reducing their overall costs. Their commitment to the environment is one side of the equation in Green Cab’s business model. The business must be sustainable and there are investors, franchisees and employees who expect returns from their input into the business. Callum is conscious of this need to make a profit, but he has some boundaries: I want to make some money but at the end of the day, I don’t even need a million dollars a year to live on . . . I really like my life in New Zealand, I like the things that I do and the things that I do don’t cost a lot of money. Callum has found that as the business has grown, more investors (such as potential franchisees) are becoming better aligned with his personal views on the environment. However, that is not necessarily the case for all employees of the company, as Callum notes: I have people working for me who don’t have necessarily the same value set. I mean they’ve got good values and wouldn’t be here if they didn’t but to the degree where mine are – no, they’re not anywhere near there. In April 2009, Green Cabs has grown to 16 employees and 104 drivers. The business has many opportunities to grow their business into other location and other services (e.g. courier services). As the business continues to grow Green Cabs are looking towards carbon neutral certification, and implementing ISO 14001 and 14064 certifications. The ongoing financial success of the company is also attracting more interest from other investors who are not necessarily focused primarily on the environment, but see Green Cabs as a solid investment opportunity.